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題名：親子間情感行為的溯源與文化塑形
書刊名：中華心理衛生學刊
作者：張嘉真／李美枝
作者(外文)：Chang, Chia-chen／Li, Mei-chih
出版日期：2000
卷期：13:2
頁次：頁1-35
主題關鍵詞：自我焦點情緒；他人焦點情緒；獨立文化；互依文化；表達性情感；工具性情感；依附型態；Self-focused emotion；Other-focused emotion；Independent culture；Interdependent culture；Expressive love；Instrumental love；Attachment
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
相關次數：
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(22) 博士論文(1) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:22
  • 共同引用共同引用:612
  • 點閱點閱:279
　　　　　嬰兒的依附行為中展露了人類情感性行為的原始風貌，但隨著孩子年紀的增長，中西方不同的社會化方式，分別依據不同的文化設計，形塑孩子發展文化合模的情感表達方式。本論文的第一個研究是採自然觀察的方法進入嬰幼兒的生活現場，觀察記錄他們與親長之間的情感互動行為。研究發現，嬰兒多自我焦點情緒的表現，親子間多肌膚之親的直接表達性情感行為。到了幼兒期，親子間仍保有表達性情感的特徵；做父母的認為孩子還不懂事，所以父母並不刻意於角色的扮演，因而容許自己與幼兒做某種程度的內在直接表現。但是，當幼兒離開父母上幼稚園時，父母與老師協同一致地以負增強的教化歷程引導幼兒學會感受他人焦點情緒，進而壓抑自我焦點情緒的流露。第二部份的研究透過傳記分析與個案訪談，發現傳統中國人的情感表達多訴諸利他的工具性行為，委婉地傳遞關愛的訊息。第三部份採客觀量化研究而發現，當今的成年子女對父母仍保存利他的工具性及間接性的情感特徵，少有情感的直接表達，在態度上也持相同的型態。
　　　　　The original pattern of human affectionate behavior is displayed in the infant's attachment to his/hermother. However, it is socialized to fit the cultural specification as the child grows up. In the first part of thisstudy, the infants' affection interaction with their parents were observed in their living setting. It was foundthat, the infants mostly display self-focused emotions and direct intimate behavior. In the period ofpre-kindergarten age, children maintain much expressive emotion toward their parents. As the child leaveshis/her parents when he/she enters the kindergarten, parents and teachers cooperatively cultivate the child tofeel other-focused emotion and suppress self-focused affection by means of negative reinforcement. In thesecond part of this study, by means of biography analysis and case interview, it was found that Chinese tendto indirectly express caring and loving through altruistic instrumental behavior to his/her family members. Inthe third part, the college students' affection behavior were studied by questionnaire testing. Those earlyadults still reveal the traditional patterns of subtle affection expression and support such kind of expression intheir attitude.
期刊論文
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4.Ekman, Paul、Friesen, Wallace V.(1971)。Constants across cultures in the face and emotion。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，17(2)，124-129。  new window
5.李美枝、王鎮華(19971200)。發現、詮釋與感通--心理學知識旨趣與實踐旨趣的融合。本土心理學研究，8，3-36。new window  延伸查詢new window
6.Waters, E.、Wippman, J.、Sroufe, L. A.(1979)。Attachment, positive affect, and competence in the peer group: Two studies in construct validation。Child Development，50(3)，821-829。  new window
7.Hazan, Cindy、Shaver, Phillip R.(1987)。Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，52(3)，511-524。  new window
8.林文瑛、王震武(19950200)。中國父母的教養觀：嚴教觀或打罵觀？。本土心理學研究，3，2-92。new window  延伸查詢new window
9.Sternberg, Robert J.(1986)。A Triangular Theory of Love。Psychological Review，93(2)，119-135。  new window
10.熊秉真(19931200)。試窺明清幼兒的人事環境與情感世界。本土心理學研究，2，251-276。new window  延伸查詢new window
11.Kaye, H.(1977)。Infant sucking behaviour and its modification。Advances in Child Development and Behavior，2-52。  new window
12.Malatesta, C. Z.、Haviland, J. M.(1982)。Learning display rules: The socialization of emotion expression in infancy。Child Development，50(4)，991-1003。  new window
13.Von, E. A.、Belsky, J.、Isabella, R. A.(1989)。Origins of infant-mother attachment: An examination of interactional synchrony during the infant's first year。Developmental Psychology，25(1)，12-21。  new window
14.Isabella, R. A.、Belsky, J.(1991)。Interactional synchrony and the origins of infant-mother attachment: A replication study。Child Development，62，373-384。  new window
15.Schaffer, H. R.、Collis, G. M.(1975)。Synchronization of visual attention in mother-infant pairs。The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry，16，315-320。  new window
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2.琦君(1981)。琦君說童年。臺北：純文學出版社。  延伸查詢new window
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5.張春興(1993)。現代心理學：現代人研究自身問題的科學。臺北市：東華書局。new window  延伸查詢new window
6.Hall, E. T.(1966)。The hidden dimension。New York：Anchor Books。  new window
7.Bowlby, J.(1988)。A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development。New York, NY：Basic Books。  new window
8.Bowlby, J.(1973)。Attachment and Loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and Anger。London：Hogarth Press。  new window
9.楊國樞(1992)。中國人的蛻變。台北：桂冠。new window  延伸查詢new window
10.Bowlby, John(1969)。Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment。New York：Basic Books。  new window
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12.Bowlby, J.(1982)。Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment。New York：Basic Books。  new window
13.李美枝(1979)。社會心理學。大洋出版社。  延伸查詢new window
14.張愛玲(1968)。傾城之戀。臺北：皇冠文化出版有限公司。  延伸查詢new window
15.Ainsworth, M. D. S.、Blehar, M. C.、Waters, E.、Wall, S.(1978)。Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation。Lawrence Erlbaum Associates。  new window
16.Bandura, Albert(1986)。Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory。Prentice-Hall, Inc.。  new window
17.(1982)。Measuring emotions in infants and children。Measuring emotions in infants and children。Cambridge, UK。  new window
18.Johnson, F.(1985)。The Western concept of self。Culture and self。London, UK。  new window
19.Kennell, J. H.、Klaus, M. H.、Trause, M. A.(1975)。Dose hunan maternal behaviour after delivery show a characteristic pattern?。Parent-infant interaction, ciba foundation symposium 33(new series)。Amsterdam, Netherlands。  new window
20.Hsu, F. L. K.、Marsella, A.、De Vos, G.(1985)。Culture and self。Culture and self。London, UK。  new window
21.Miller, J. G.(1988)。Bridging the content-structure dichotomy: Culture and the self。The cross-cultural challenge to social psychology。Beverly Hills, CA。  new window
22.Maratos, O.、Dontas, C.、Karangelis, A.、Fafoutis, M.(1985)。Early social development in institutionally reared Greek infants: Attachment and peer interaction。Early social development in institutionally reared Greek infants: Attachment and peer interaction。Chicago, IL。  new window
23.Stayton, D. J.、Bell, S. M.、Ainsworth, M. D. S.(1971)。Individual differences in strange-situation behavior in one-year-olds。The origins of human social relations。London, UK/ New York, NY。  new window
24.楊鑫輝(1994)。個體心理社會化思想溯源及其相關問題。中國人的心理與行為－文化、教化及病理篇（一九九二）。臺北市。  延伸查詢new window
25.張愛玲(1995)。傾城之戀。傾城之戀。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
26.郭兆華(1970)。六十自述。六十自述。高雄。  延伸查詢new window
27.吳念真(1994)。多桑：吳念真電影劇本。臺北：麥田出版社。  延伸查詢new window
28.朱自清(1993)。兒女。文人採風－朱自清。兒女。文人採風－朱自清。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
29.朱自清(1993)。背景。文人採風－朱自清。背景。文人採風－朱自清。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
30.王灝(1992)。成長的喜悅－臺灣人的生命之禮。成長的喜悅－臺灣人的生命之禮。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
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圖書論文
1.Sroufe, L. A.(1983)。Infant-caregiver attachment and patterns of adaptation in preschool: The roots of maladaptation and competence。Development and policy concerning children with special needs。Hillsdale, NJ：Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.。  new window
2.金耀基(1986)。面、恥與中國人行為分析。中國人的心理。臺北：桂冠圖書公司。  延伸查詢new window
3.Main, M.、Kaplan, N.、Cassidy, J.(1985)。Security in infancy, childhood and adulthood: A move to the level of representation。Growing points of attachment theory and research。  new window
4.燕國材(19940000)。中國傳統文化與中國人的性格。中國人的心理與行為：理念及方法篇（一九九二）。臺北：桂冠。new window  延伸查詢new window
5.Shweder, R. A.、Bourne, E. J.(1984)。Does the Concept of the Person Vary Cross-Culturally?。Culture Theory: Essays on Mind, Self, and Emotion。Cambridge, England：Cambridge University Press。  new window
6.Erickson, M.、Sroufe, L. A.、Egeland, B.(1985)。The relationship between quality of attachment and behavior problems in preschool in a high risk sample。Growing points in attachment theory and research。Chicago, IL：University of Chicago Press。  new window
 
 
 
 
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