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題名：手足與朋友關係的內涵與功能--從猩種與人種的表現看演化的藍圖與文化的加工
書刊名：本土心理學研究
作者：李美枝
作者(外文)：Li, Mei-chih
出版日期：2001
卷期：16
頁次：頁135-182
主題關鍵詞：互饋；手足關係；孝；朋友關係；親子生殖成就衡突；親屬選擇；Friendship；Inclusive fitness；Kin selection；Reciprocity；Sibling rivalry
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(10) 博士論文(4) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:10
  • 共同引用共同引用:772
  • 點閱點閱:113
　　　　　本文先從黑猩猩族群的日常生活紀錄片中，廓勒人類手足與朋友關係的可能原始基型。親屬選擇的基因傳承與親子之間生殖成就的衝突，定下了手足間合作與競爭交織的原始藍圖，朋友間的同夥共伴關係則以互饋成友為基礎。透過訪談觀察資料與量表測量的分析，一方面展現了人類與靈長類共有的前述關係特性，另方面則顯露中國文化加諸於手足與朋友關係的倫理教化，長惠幼順與兄友弟恭的身分角色仍為本研究的大學生與社會人士受試者所肯定。分擔孝養父母的倫理責任會因現實情況而使手足關係有超越單純演化基源的複雜性。然而血緣之親使得手足衝突有撕而不破、分而不離的自然連鍵。受試者以「愛、情分」標示手足關係有而以「交情、義氣、欣賞」標示朋友關係，反映了家人情感性關係與外人混和性關係的不同。從猩猩到人類，兩者共有雷同的手足、朋友與親子等關係的基型，演化發展則使人類的同樣關係推向概念化、精緻化與複雜化。
　　　　　A video record of daily life in a chimpanzee tribe was used to infer prototypes for sibling and friend relationships and identify a blueprint for cooperation and competition between siblings in the tribe. Relationships between friends are based on a reciprocal process. Analysis of qualitative and quantitative data from human subjects revealed similar and basic properties of sibling and friend relationships, although in Chinese culture, sibling rivalry is prohibited. Human societies conceptualize, elaborate, and complicate these interpersonal relationships. For example, sibling relationships are described with terms like love and affection while terms such as exchanged benefit and exchanged affection and appreciation are used to describe friends.
期刊論文
1.Buss, David M.、Schmitt, David P.(1993)。Sexual strategies theory: An evolutionary perspective on human mating。Psychological Review，100(2)，204-232。  new window
2.Markus, Hazel Rose、Kitayama, Shinobu(1991)。Cultural and the Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation。Psychological Review，98(2)，224-253。  new window
3.Fiske, Alan P.(1992)。The four elementary forms of sociality: framework for a unified theory of social relations。Psychological review，99(4)，689-723。  new window
4.Triandis, H. C.(1989)。The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts。Psychological Review，96(3)，506-520。  new window
5.葉光輝(19980600)。孝道概念的心理學探討：雙層次孝道認知特徵的發展歷程。本土心理學研究，9，53-117。new window  延伸查詢new window
6.Trivers, Robert L.(197103)。The evolution of reciprocal altruism。The Quarterly Review of Biology，46(1)，35-57。  new window
7.黃光國(19990300)。多元典範的研究取向：論社會心理學的本土化。社會理論學報，2(1)，1-51。new window  延伸查詢new window
8.李美枝(19980600)。中國人親子關係的內涵與功能：以大學生為例。本土心理學研究，9，3-52。new window  延伸查詢new window
9.莊耀嘉、楊國樞(19970600)。角色規範的認知結構。本土心理學研究，7，282-338。new window  延伸查詢new window
10.李美枝(19960600)。兩性關係的社會生物學原型在傳統中國與今日臺灣的表現型態。本土心理學研究，5，114-174。new window  延伸查詢new window
11.楊國樞(19930600)。我們為什麼要建立中國人的本土心理學？。本土心理學研究，1，6-88。new window  延伸查詢new window
12.Levinger, G.(1980)。Toward the analysis of close relationships。Journal of Experimental Social Psychology，16，510-544。  new window
13.Connidis, I. A.(1989)。Siblings as friends in later life。American Behavioral Scientist，33(1)，81-93。  new window
14.Blass, R. B.、Blatt, S. J.(1990)。Attachment and separateness: A dialectic model of the products and process of development throughout the life cycle。Psychoanalytic Study of the Child，45，107-127。  new window
15.Alexander, R. D.(1974)。The evolution of social behavior。Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics，5，325-383。  new window
16.Alexander, R. D.、Borgia, G.(1978)。Group selection, altruism, and levels of organization of life。Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics，9，449-474。  new window
17.Aukett, R.、Ritchie, J.、Mill, K.(1988)。Gender differences in friendship patterns。Sex Roles，19，57-66。  new window
18.Bedford, V. H.(1989)。Understanding the value of siblings in old age: A proposed model。American Behavioral Scientist，33(1)，33-44。  new window
19.Daly, M.、Wilson, M. I.(1982)。Homicide and kinship。American Anthropologist，84，372-378。  new window
20.Hamilton, W. D.(1964)。The genetical evolution of social behaviour: I and II。Journal of Theoretical Biology，7，1-52。  new window
21.Livingstone, F. B.(1983)。Do humans maximize their inclusive fitness?。The Behavioral and Brain Sciences，6，110-111。  new window
22.Vessey, S. H.、Meikle, D. B.(1981)。Nepotism among rhesus monkey brothers。Nature，294，160-161。  new window
23.Nissen, H. W.、Crawford, M. P.(1936)。A preliminary study of food-sharing behavior in young chimpanzees。Journal of Comparative Psychology，22，383-419。  new window
24.Porter, R. H.、Moore, J. D.、White, D. M.(1981)。Food sharing by sibling vs. nonsibling spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus)。Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology，8，207-212。  new window
25.Reisman, J. M.(1990)。Intimacy in Same-sex Friendships。Sex Roles，23，65-82。  new window
26.Tesser, A.(1980)。Self-esteem maintenance in family dynamics。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，39，77-91。  new window
27.Trivers, R. L.(1974)。Parent-offspring conflict。American Zoologist，14，249-264。  new window
會議論文
1.利翠珊(1998)。家庭心理學的系統觀點與研究。「家庭心理學 : 系統思維觀點的探討與應用」研討會。臺北：中央研究院民族學研究所。new window  延伸查詢new window
研究報告
1.莊耀嘉、楊國樞(1996)。中國人之心理與行為的本土化研究：社會關係與人際互動。沒有紀錄。  延伸查詢new window
學位論文
1.呂信慧(2003)。家中手足比較訊息與手足關係之研究--以學業表現為例(碩士論文)。國立政治大學，台北。  延伸查詢new window
2.危芷芬(2001)。華人的關係類型與人際義務(博士論文)。國立臺灣大學。new window  延伸查詢new window
3.梁瓊慧(2000)。Play in a working class - Taiwanese preschool，0。  new window
圖書
1.Tinbergen, N.(1965)。Animal behavior。New York, NY：Time-Life Books。  new window
2.Atkinson, Richard C.、Atkinson, R. L.、Smith, E. E.、Bem, D. J.、Nolen-Halksema, S.(2000)。Hilgard’s introduction to psychology。New York, NY：Harcourt College Publishers。  new window
3.Latzke, Marjorie、Lorenz, Konrad(1966)。On aggression。New York, NY：Harcourt, Brace, ＆ World。  new window
4.Altman, I.、Taylor, D. A.(1973)。Social Penetration: The Development of Interpersonal Relationships。New York, NY：Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.。  new window
5.費孝通(1948)。鄉土中國。香港：鳳凰出版社。  延伸查詢new window
6.Penrod, S.(1983)。Social psychology。Englewood Cliffs, NJ：Prentice-Hall。  new window
7.Dawkins, Richard(1976)。The Selfish Gene: with a pref。Oxford University Press。  new window
8.Crawford, C.(1987)。Sociobiology: Of what value to psychology?。Sociobiology and psychology: Ideas, issues and applications。Hillsdale, NJ。  new window
9.Levinger, G.(1983)。Development and change。Close Relationships。New York, NY/ San Francisco, CA。  new window
10.Bekoff, M.(1981)。Mamalian sibling interactions: Genes, facilitative environments, and the coefficient of familiarity。Parental care in mammals。New York, NY。  new window
11.Hergenhahn, B. R.(1992)。An introduction to the history of psychology。An introduction to the history of psychology。Belmont, CA。  new window
12.柏楊(1977)。中國人失調。中國人失調。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
13.賽珍珠(1978)。大地。臺北：遠景。  延伸查詢new window
14.Crawford, C.、Smith, M.、Krebs, D.(1987)。Sociobiology and psychology: Ideas, issues and applications。Hillsdale, N.J.：Lawrence Erlbaum Associates。  new window
15.Diamond, Jared(1992)。第三種猩猩：人類的身世與未來。第三種猩猩：人類的身世與未來。New York, NY。  延伸查詢new window
16.Harlow, H. F.、Harlow, M. K.(1969)。Effects of various mother-infant relationship on rhesus monkey behaviors。Determinants of infant behavior, Vol. 4。London, UK。  new window
17.Harris, M.(1979)。Cultural Materialism。Cultural Materialism。New York, NY。  new window
18.Jampel, B.、Lawick, H.(1984)。Among the wild chimpanzees。Among the wild chimpanzees。Pittsburgh。  new window
19.Krebs, D.(1987)。The challenge of altruism in biology and psychology。Sociobiology and psychology: Ideas, issues and applications。Hillsdale, NJ。  new window
20.Lewin, R.(1993)。The origin of modern humans。The origin of modern humans。New York, NY。  new window
21.Sahlins, M. D.(1976)。The use and abuse of biology。The use and abuse of biology。Ann Arbor, MI。  new window
22.Smith, M. S.(1987)。Evolution and development psychology: Toward a sociobiology of human development。Sociobiology and psychology: Ideas, issues and applications。Hillsdale, NJ。  new window
23.Suitz, A.(1962)。舒茲論文集，第一冊：社會現實的問題。舒茲論文集，第一冊：社會現實的問題。Netherlands。  延伸查詢new window
24.Zukow, P. G.(1989)。Sibling interaction across cultures: Theoretical and methodological issues。Sibling interaction across cultures: Theoretical and methodological issues。New York, NY。  new window
其他
1.National Geographic Society(1984)。Among the wild chimpanzees，Pittsburgh。  new window
2.Discovery(1993)。People of the forest，0。  new window
圖書論文
1.Trivers, R.(1972)。Parental investment and sexual selection。Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man: 1871-1971。Chicago：Aldine-Atherton。  new window
2.黃光國(1988)。人情與面子：中國人的權力遊戲。中國人的心理。臺北：桂冠圖書公司。new window  延伸查詢new window
3.楊國樞(1993)。中國人的社會取向：社會互動的觀點。中國人的心理--理念與方法篇。台北：桂冠圖書公司。new window  延伸查詢new window
4.Ridley, M.、Dawkins, R.(1981)。The natural selection of altruism。Altruism and helping behavior: Social, personality and developmental perspectives。Hillsdale, NJ：Erlbaum。  new window
 
 
 
 
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