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題名：分立政府與地方民主行政：從臺中縣「地方基層建設經費」論地方派系與肉桶政治
書刊名：中國行政評論
作者：湯京平 引用關係／吳重禮 引用關係／蘇孔志
作者(外文)：Tang, Ching-ping／Wu, Chung-li／Su, Kung-chi
出版日期：2002
卷期：12:1
頁次：頁37-76
主題關鍵詞：分立政府；預算；肉桶立法；派系政治；Divided government；Budget；Pork-barrel legislation；Factional politics
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
相關次數：
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(19) 博士論文(2) 專書(2) 專書論文(1)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:17
  • 共同引用共同引用:754
  • 點閱點閱:220
近年來，行政部門與立法部門分屬不同政黨所掌握的「分立政府」(divided government)，似乎逐漸成為我國縣市政府普遍存在的型態：相對地，行政部門與立法部門皆由同一政黨所掌控的「一致政府」(unified government)，卻有減少的趨勢。雖然府會分立可能造成立法遲滯或者政治僵局，但是若干研究亦指出其將有助於財政收支監督與遏止赤字擴張，因此可能增進地方政府的財政效能。吾人是否可以推斷，地方政治的黑金沉痾與行政效率不彰，會因為政黨輪替而獲得改善?本研究以台中縣第13屆與第14屆議會為研究對象，討論分立政府與一致政府對於「地方基層建設經費」編列的影響。該經費向來被視為議員爭取而來討好選區選民的肉桶性預算，再加上工程招標相關法令之不足，該預算亦成為地方政治人物酬謝其政治支持者的重要資源。因此，該預算的額度愈大，往往代表政府財政效率愈差。研究結果發現，除了政黨因素會影響該預算的編列，其餘的因素，如議會的派系結構及其所依賴的侍從體系，實有更深遠的影響。本文除藉此案例深入刻畫地方議會政治的生態與運作邏輯，並建議錢化公民參與的制度，以鼓勵地方民眾監督預算審議及工程發包、施工過程，以改善譯員對肉桶政治的需求。
When the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) won the local elections overwhelmingly in 1997, many countries or cities entered a new stage of divided government, in which Kuomintang (KMT) still effectively controlled the city/county councils to challenge the executive branches. How would the local administrations be affected by such a new political situation? From a brighter perspective, the heavily criticized pork-barrel politics associating with financial inefficiency and corruption of local government might be corrected because the coordination force of the KMT had withdrawn to enable the underlying check-and-balance function to work. Nevertheless, by examining the cases of 13th and 14th Taichung County Council, we argue that political party was not the single determining factor. Rather, some factors of the informal sector, including local factions and patron-c1ientele relationships, have also played very important roles in affecting the amount of "budget for local infrastructure." This pork-barrel budget is not a formal item to be found in budget books. Instead, it is only a nickname for a discretionary budget by every councilman to reward one's political patrons in construction or estate business. The larger the budget is the greater possibility for corruption and the greater financial inefficiency could be. This research found that divided government had encouraged the councilmen to ask for more of such budget. Nevertheless, how the magistrate yielded to offer depended heavily on his ability to dismantle the collective bargaining action of councilmen by soliciting exclusive benefit to individual councilmen. When there was a dominant faction in the council, and the magistrate could successfully control it (as in the 13th Taichung Council), the pork-barrel budget would be less necessary to be a tool for soliciting councilmen's cooperation. In contrast, when the opposition party gained the ruling status and the dominant faction broke down (as in the 14th Taichung Council), the magistrate had to yield, but still could maneuver among councilmen to avoid policy gridlocks and stalemates. We ended by suggesting more crystallization of the budgeting process by encouraging more organized civil participation
期刊論文
1.Brady, David W.(1993)。The Causes and Consequences of Divided Government: Toward a New Theory of American Politics?。American Political Science Review，87(1)，189-194。  new window
2.Lomnitz, Larissa A.(1988)。Informal Exchange Networks in Formal Systems: A Theoretical Model。American Anthropologist，90(1)，42-55。  new window
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5.趙永茂(19960600)。臺灣地方派系的發展與政治民主化的關係。政治科學論叢，7，39-55。new window  延伸查詢new window
6.陳陸輝、游清鑫(20010900)。民眾眼中的分立政府--政黨的府會互動與首長施政滿意度。理論與政策，15(3)=59，61-78。new window  延伸查詢new window
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13.Alt, James E.、Lowry, Robert C.(1994)。Divided Government, Fiscal Institutions, and Budget Deficits: Evidence from the States。American Political Science Review，88(4)，811-828。  new window
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16.吳重禮、林長志(20020300)。我國2000年總統選舉前後中央府會關係的政治影響--核四議題與府會互動的評析。理論與政策，16(1)=61，73-98。new window  延伸查詢new window
17.Sundquist, James L.(1990)。Response to the Petracca-Bailey-Smith Evaluation of the Committee on the Constitutional System。Presidential Studies Quarterly，20(3)，533-543。  new window
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19.Leonard, John(1991)。Divided Government and Dysfunctional Politics。PS: Political Science and Politics，24(4)，651-653。  new window
20.Cutler, Lloyd N.(1988)。Some Reflections about Divided Government。Presidential Studies Quarterly，18(3)，485-492。  new window
21.吳重禮、楊樹源(20010900)。臺灣地區縣市層級「分立政府」與「一致政府」之比較：以新竹縣市與嘉義縣市為例。人文及社會科學集刊，13(3)，251-304。new window  延伸查詢new window
22.許增如(19990300)。一九九六年美國大選中的分裂投票行為：兩個議題模式的探討。歐美研究，29(1)，83-126。new window  延伸查詢new window
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24.黃紀、吳重禮(20001200)。臺灣地區縣市層級「分立政府」影響之初探。臺灣政治學刊，4，105-147。new window  延伸查詢new window
25.吳重禮(20000300)。美國「分立性政府」研究文獻之評析：兼論臺灣地區的政治發展。問題與研究，39(3)，75-101。new window  延伸查詢new window
26.吳重禮(19980600)。美國「分立性政府」與「一致性政府」體制運作之比較與評析。政治科學論叢，9，61-89。new window  延伸查詢new window
27.吳重禮(20010900)。分立政府--肇因、影響、改革。中國行政評論，10(4)，1-22。new window  延伸查詢new window
28.吳重禮(20020600)。美國「分立政府」運作的爭議：以公共行政與政策為例。歐美研究，32(2)，271-316。new window  延伸查詢new window
29.Nivola, P. S.(1998)。The New Pork Barrel。Journal the Public Interest，131(1)，92-104。  new window
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36.李雙雙(1998)。冬瓜標、楊天生又要大幹一場：臺中縣紅黑兩派化敵為友？。財訊，191，114-116。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.Fiorina, Morris(1996)。Divided Government。New York：Macmillan。  new window
2.Ogul, M. S.(1976)。Congress Oversees the Bureaucracy: Studies in Legislative supervision。Pittsburgh：University of Pittsburgh Press。  new window
3.Fischer, S.、Dornbusch, R.(1994)。Macroeconomics。New York, NY：Worth Publishers。  new window
4.Brown, Charles Victor、Jackson, Peter McLeod(1990)。Public Sector Economics。Cambridge, MA：Blackwell。  new window
5.Stevens, J. B.(1993)。The Economics of Collective Choice。Boulder, CO。  new window
6.Wilson, James Q.(1995)。Political Organizations。Princeton, New Jersey：Princeton University Press。  new window
7.Mayhew, David R.(1991)。Divided We Govern: Party Control, Lawmaking, and Investigations, 1946-1990。New Haven：Yale University Press。  new window
8.趙永茂(1996)。中央與地方分權問題暨地方府會關係之研究--省（市）與縣 (市）政府案例分析。台北：行政院研究發展考核委員會。  延伸查詢new window
9.Sundquist, James L.(1986)。Constitutional Reform and Effective Government。Washington, D.C.：Brookings Institution。  new window
10.李允傑(1999)。國會與預算：政府預算審議過程之實證研究。台北：商鼎文化。  延伸查詢new window
11.Ostrom, Vincent、Bish, Robert L.、Ostrom, Elinor(1988)。Local Government in the United States。Institute for Contemporary Studies Press。  new window
12.Riker, William H.(1986)。The art of political manipulation。Yale University Press。  new window
13.黃錦堂(19950000)。地方自治法治化問題之研究。臺北：月旦。new window  延伸查詢new window
14.趙永茂(1997)。臺灣地方政治的變遷與特質。臺北：翰蘆出版社。new window  延伸查詢new window
15.Hirschman, Albert O.(1970)。Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States。Harvard University Press。  new window
16.陳東升(19950000)。金權城市：地方派系、財團與臺北都會發展的社會學分析。臺北：巨流。new window  延伸查詢new window
17.王振寰(1996)。誰統治台灣？轉型中的國家機器與權力結構。巨流。new window  延伸查詢new window
18.Ferejohn, John A.(1974)。Pork Barrel Politics: Rivers and Harbors Legislation, 1947-1968。CA：Stanford University Press。  new window
19.Niskanen, William A. Jr.(1971)。Bureaucracy and Representative Government。Chicago, IL：Aldine-Atherton。  new window
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21.Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations(1990)。Mandates: Cases in State-local Relations。Mandates: Cases in State-local Relations。Washington, DC。  new window
22.Gilbert, R.、Stevenson, D.、Girardet, H.、Stren, R. E.(1996)。Making Cities Work: The Role of Local Authorities in the Urban Environment。Making Cities Work: The Role of Local Authorities in the Urban Environment。London, UK。  new window
23.Revesz, R. L.(1997)。Rehabilitating Interstate Competition: Rethinking the 'Race-to-the-Bottom' Rationale for Federal Environmental Regulation。Foundations of Environmental Law and Policy。New York, NY。  new window
圖書論文
1.黃世鑫(1999)。地方財政自主與地方自治：精(凍？廢？)省後的省思。地方政府與政治：精省後之財政自主與地方分權。臺北：商鼎。  延伸查詢new window
2.Cox, Gary W.、Kernell, Samuel(1991)。Introduction: Governing a Divided Era。The Politics of Divided Government。Boulder, CO：Westview Press。  new window
3.朱雲漢(1992)。寡佔經濟與威權政治體制。解剖臺灣經濟--威權體制下的壟斷與剝削。臺北：前衛出版社。  延伸查詢new window
4.Landé, Carl H.(1977)。Introduction: The Dyadic Basis of Clientelism。Friends, Followers, and Factions: A Reader in Political Clientelism。University of California Press。  new window
5.周素卿、陳東升(1998)。基層選舉下的地方政治與經濟利益：以房地產開發為例。兩岸基層選舉與政治社會變遷：哈佛大學東西方學者的對話。台北：月旦出版社。  延伸查詢new window
6.陳立剛(1999)。精省後地方政府預算審議問題之初探。地方政府與政治：精省後之財政自主與地方分權。臺北市：商鼎文化出版社。  延伸查詢new window
 
 
 
 
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