:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
題名:情緒調整的發展軌跡與模式建構之研究
作者:江文慈 引用關係
作者(外文):Wein-Tzu Chiang
校院名稱:國立臺灣師範大學
系所名稱:教育心理與輔導研究所
指導教授:張景媛
學位類別:博士
出版日期:1999
主題關鍵詞:情緒調整情緒發展發展軌跡Emotion RegulationEmotion DevelopmentDevelopmental Trajectories
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(39) 博士論文(15) 專書(3) 專書論文(2)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:39
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:119
情緒調整的發展,攸關個體的生活適應和身心健康,為近年來情緒研究的重要課題。本研究從發展的觀點,探討兒童和青少年情緒調整的發展特徵,並比較其差異,藉以尋繹情緒調整的發展軌跡,同時建構情緒調整的發展模式。
為達成研究目的,本研究採二階段的研究途徑進行:
一﹑情緒調整發展軌跡的探尋
本研究是以國小五年級﹑國中二年級及高中二年級共108位學生(三個時期各36位)為對象,採取個別晤談法,探討兒童和青少年在情緒調整五個層面(情緒覺察、情緒表達、調整策略、情緒反省、情緒效能)的發展情形。研究結果發現:情緒調整會因年齡層不同而在發展內容上有實質的差異,呈現多面性及發展性的特點。這些特點包括:(1) 在情緒覺察方面,情緒狀態由「單一情緒」轉向「混合情緒」,隨著年齡的增加,使用較多分化的情緒語詞來描述情緒內容。至於情緒原因的覺察,則由「外在事件」轉向「內在感受」,且更能深入地指向個人的內心世界。(2) 情緒表達由「直接﹑外顯」轉向「間接﹑內隱」的方式,情緒控制也逐漸成熟,但仍不穩定。(3)在調整策略的可能選擇中,「尋求支持」和「放鬆分心」是各時期較常使用的策略;但隨著年齡的增加,逐漸使用「正向思考」和「問題解決」策略。(4) 情緒反省是由參照「外在要求」轉向「自我主張」的發展,同時漸能主動省思,對情緒事件較有獨到的見解。但有時過於反覆思索情緒,延長情緒波動時間,導致較多的情緒衝突與矛盾。(5) 情緒效能的形成與判斷,隨著年齡的增加,所考慮的因素較多,逐漸由「兩極化」轉向「趨中」的發展。此外,男女兩性在情緒調整各層面的內容描述上也有差異。
據此,本研究所勾勒出來的情緒調整發展軌跡,兼具「變異中的規律」和「規律中的變異」之二元典型形貌。
二﹑情緒調整發展模式的建構
本研究提出的情緒調整發展模式,包括情緒調整能力﹑社會情感經驗﹑個人內在信念和生活適應等四個主要成份,並以298位國中二年級學生對象,採用結構方程模式統計方法,應用LISREL 8.12a版電腦統計套裝軟體,驗證此模式的適切性。模式考驗結果發現:本研究所建構的情緒調整發展模式,與實際的觀察資料可以適配。由模式結構內容來看,情緒調整能力的發展,直接受到社會情感經驗及個人內在信念的影響,而情緒調整能力則會對生活適應產生直接的影響。此外,社會情感經驗和個人內在信念也會透過情緒調整能力的中介,間接影響到個體的生活適應。由此可知,此模式可用來解釋情緒調整能力的形成及作用,具有描述﹑解釋及預測情緒調整發展的功能與價值。
基於研究結果與發現,本研究分別就實務及研究方面提出有關建議,以供情緒教育與輔導應用,以及情緒調整後續研究之參考。
Emotion regulation plays an important role in mental health and adjustment, but little is known about its developmental process. The purposes of this study were to explore the developmental trajectories for emotion regulation, and to establish a theoretical model for development of emotion regulation.
In order to accomplish these purposes, the study was divided into two parts. Study Ⅰ was to explore the developmental trajectories for emotion regulation during adolescence. The participants were 108 the 5th, 8th , and 11th grade adolescents. They were given the "Emotion Regulation Interview". Data collected from interviews with adolescents. The results showed that there were differences among groups of different ages concerning the five aspects ( emotional awareness, emotional expression, emotional regulation strategies, emotional reflection, and emotional efficacy ) of emotion regulation. The developmental trends were as follows: (1) awareness of multiple differential emotions increase with development; (2) use of indirect and covert modes to express emotion increase with development; (3) use of cognitive restructuring and problem solving strategies increase with development; (4) the ability to reflect on regulating emotion improves with development; and (5) the sense of self-efficacy in regulating emotion become more moderate with development.
In studyⅡ, the researcher proposed a model which included the components of social affective experience, personal belief, emotional regulation ability, and life adjustment; and verified the goodness of fit of this model. The subjects contained 298 8th grade adolescents. The research instruments administered were "Emotion Regulation Inventory", "Social Affective Experience Inventory", "Personal Belief Inventory", and "Life Adjustment Inventory". The data were analyzed by LISREL. The results indicated that the observed data fitted the theoretical model. This means that the model developed was supported. The model offers a conceptual framework for understanding developmental change of emotion regulation.
Based on these findings and conclusions, the suggestions for the aspects of emotion education practice and future research were proposed.
一﹑中文部份
王春展(1999)。兒童情緒智力發展之研究。國立政治大學教育研究所博士論文。new window
王耘、葉忠根、林崇德(1993)。小學生心理學。台北:五南圖書出版公司。
王淑俐(1990)。國中階段青少年情緒發展與問題及指導。國立台灣師範大學教育研究所博士論文。new window
方紫薇(1993)。國中教師氣憤情緒相關因素分析暨氣憤情緒管理策略成效之研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所博士論文。new window
江文慈(1997)。情緒智力意涵的再解析。諮商與輔導,136,頁2-10。
江文慈﹑孫志麟(1998)。情緒智力量表之編製。台北:台北市教師研習中心。
李毓娟(1996)。大學生的心情經驗及其相關因素之研究。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文。
吳芝儀﹑李奉儒(1995)。質的評鑑與研究。台北:桂冠圖書公司。
林崇德(1998)。發展心理學。台北:東華書局。
俞筱鈞﹑黃志成(1984)。曾氏心理健康量表指導手冊。台北:中國行為科學社。
施伶玫(1997)。兒童情緒覺察能力的評量建構歷程及真實性探討。國立台北師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文。
陳正昌 ﹑程炳林(1994)。SPSS、SAS、BMDP統計軟體在多變量統計上的應用。台北:五南圖書出版公司。
陳金定(1998)。依附行為與情緒調適能力之因果模式探討暨情緒調適團體對不安全依附者依附相關變項之實驗研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所博士論文。new window
張春興(1989)。張氏心理學辭典。台北:東華書局。
張美惠譯(1996)。EQ。台北:時報出版社。
游恒山譯(1993)。情緒心理學。台北:五南圖書出版公司。
曾端真(1991)。德哈二氏自我瞭解發展模式在中國文化中的驗證及其在評估認知治療效果上之應用。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所博士論文。new window
黃煜峰、雷靂(1993)。國中生心理學。台北:五南圖書出版公司。
鄭和鈞、鄧京華等(1993)。高中生心理學。台北:五南圖書出版公司。
歐滄和(1989)。中學生校園人際壓力與因應風格及有關因素之研究。國立台灣師範大學教育研究所博士論文。new window
燕國材(1992)。論中國古代心理思想的主要成就和貢獻。載於高尚仁、楊中芳合編:中國人.中國心-傳統篇(頁63-92)。台北:遠流出版公司。new window
燕國材(1996)。中國心理學史。台北:東華書局。
韓進之、魏華忠、楊麗珠(1991)。大陸兒童與青少年自我意識發展研究。載於楊中芳、高尚仁(合編):中國人.中國心-發展與教學篇(頁15-84)。台北:遠流出版公司。new window
二、英文部份
Avison, W. R., & Gotlib, I. H. (1994). Stress and mental health: Contemporary issues and prospects for the future. New York: Plenum Press.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy : The exercise of control. New York : W.H. Freeman and Company.
Baumeister, R. F., Heatherton, T. F., & Tice, D. M. (1994). Losing control: How and why people fail at self-regulation. San Diego: Academic Press.
Baumeister, R. F., & Heatherton, T. F.(1996). Self-regulation failure: An overview. Psychological Inquiry, 7(1), 1-15.
Boekaerts, M. (1996). Coping with stress in childhood and adolescence. In M. Zeidner, & N. S. Endler (Eds.), Handbook of coping: Theory, research, applications (452- 484) .New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Brenner, E. M., & Salovey, P. (1997). Emotion regulation during childhood: Developmental, interpersonal, and individual considerations. In P. Salovey, & D. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Implication for educators(168-192). New York: Basic Books.
Bridges, L. J., & Grolnick, W. S. (1995). The development of emotional self-regulation in infancy and early childhood. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Social development. London: Sage Publications.
Brown, J. D., & Mankowski, T. A. (1993). Self-esteem, mood, and self-evaluation : Changes in mood and the way you see you. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 421-430.
Bugental, D. B., Lin, E. K., & Susskind, J. E. (1995). Influences of affect on cognitive processes at different ages: Why the change? In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Social development. London: Sage Publications.
Calkins, S. D. (1994). Origins and outcomes of individual differences in emotion regulation. In N. A. Fox(Ed.), The development of emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral aspects. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59,53-72.
Campos, J. J., Campos, R. G., & Barrett, K. C.(1989). Emergent themes in the study of emotional development and emotional regulation. Development Psychology, 25, 394-402.
Campos, J. J., Mummeet, R. K., Kermoian, R., & Campos, R. G., (1994). A functionalist perspective on the nature of emotion. In N. A. Fox(Ed.), The development of emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral aspects. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development ,59,284-300.
Cassidy, J. (1994). Emotion regulation: Influences of attachment relationships. In N. A. Fox(Ed.), The development of emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral aspects. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development ,59,228-249.
Cicchetti, D., Ganiban, J., & Barnett, D. (1991). Contributions from the study of high-risk populations to understanding the development of emotional regulation. In J. Garber, & K. Dodge (Eds.), The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation (15-48). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Cicchetti, D., Ackerman, B. P., & Izard, C. E. (1995). Emotions and emotion regulation in development psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 1-10.
Cole, P. M., Michel, M. K., & Teti, L. O. (1994). The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: A clinical perspective. In N. A. Fox(Ed.), The development of emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral aspects. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59,73-100.
Contrada, R. J., Leventhal, H., & O''''''''Leary, A. (1990). Personality and health. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality : Theory and research (638-669). New York : The Guilford Press.
Cooper, M. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Attachment styles, emotion regulation, and adjustment in adolescence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74 (5), 1380-1397.
Davies, M., Stankov, L., & Roberts, R. D.(1998). Emotional intelligence: In search of an elusive construct. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(4), 989-1015.
Deck, T., & Jamieson, J. (1998). The influence of situation constructs on coping : the effectiveness of using scenarios. Personality and Individual Differences,25,179-185.
Dodge, K. A. & Garber, J.(1991). Domains of emotion regulation. In J. Garber, & K. Dodge (Eds.), The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation (3-14). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Dunsmore, J. C., & Halberstadt, A. G. (1997). How does family emotional expressiveness affect children''''''''s schemas? New Directions for Child Development,77,45-68.
Dupont, H.(1994).Emotional Development, Theory and Applications:A Neo-Piagetian Perspective. London: Westport , Connecticut.
Eisenberg, N. E., et al.,(1996). The relations of regulation and emotionality to problem behavior in elementary school children. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 141-162.
Eisenberg, E., & Moore, B. (1997). Emotional regulation and development. Motivation and Emotion, 21(1),1-5.
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Losoya, S. (1997). Emotional responding: regulation, social correlates, and socialization. In P. Salovey, & D. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Implication for educators(35-66). New York: Basic Books.
Epstein, S. (1990). Cognitive-experiential self-theory. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality : Theory and research. New York: The Guilford Press.
Epstein, S. (1994).Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious. American Psychologist, 49(8),709-724.
Fox, N. A. (1994). Dynamic cerebral processes underlying emotion regulation. In N. A. Fox(Ed.), The development of emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral aspects. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development , 59,152-167.
Garber, H., Braafladt, N., & Zeman, J. (1991).The regulation of sad affect: An information-processing perspective. In J. Garber, & K. Dodge (Eds.), The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation (208-240). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Garber, H., Braafladt, N., & Weiss, B. (1995). Affect regulation in depressed and nondepressed children and young adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 93-115.
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven (1997). Meta-emotion: How families communicate emotionally. New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Graziano, W. G. Jensen-Campbell, L. A., & Finch, J. F. (1997). The self as a mediator between personality and adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(2),392-404.
Greenberg, L. S., & Safran, J. D. (1990). Emotional change processes in psychotherapy. In R. Plutchik, & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion : Theory, research. and experience, Vol(5). Emotion, psychopathology and psychotherapy (59-85). San Diego, CF : Academic Press, Inc.
Greenberg, M. T., Kusche, C. A., Cook, E. T., & Quamma, J. (1995). Promoting emotional competence in school-ages children: The effects of the PATHS curriculum. Development and Psychopathology , 7, 117-136.
Gross, J. J. (1998). Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74 (1), 224-237.
Gross, J. J., Carstensen, L. L., Tsai, J. Skorpen, C. G., & Hsu, A. Y. C. (1997). Emotion and aging: Experience, expression, and control. Psychology and Aging, 12(4),590-599.
Harris, P. L., & Saarni, C. (1989). Children''''''''s understanding of emotion: An introduction. In C. Saarni, & P. L. Harris (Eds.), Children''''''''s Understanding of Emotion (3-25). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Higgins, E. T. (1996). The "self digest" : Self-knowledge serving self-regulatory functions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(6), 1062-1083.
Hyson, M. C.(1994). The emotional development of young children: Building an emotion-centered curriculum. New York: Teachers College Press.
Izard, C. E., & Kobak, R. R. (1991). Emotion system functioning and emotion regulation. In J. Garber, & K. Dodge (Eds.), The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation (303-318). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Kagan, J. (1994). On the nature of emotion. In N. A. Fox(Ed.), The development of emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral aspects. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development ,59,7-23.
Katz, J., Ritvo, P., Irvine, M. J., & Jackson (1996).Coping with chronic pain. In M. Zeidner, & N. S. Endler (Eds.), Handbook of coping: Theory, research, applications (252- 278) .New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Kenny, M. E. ,& Rice, K. G. (1995). Attachment to parents and adjustment in late adolescent college students : Current status, applications and future considerations. The Counseling Psychology, 23(3),433-456.
Klinger, E. (1993). Clinical approaches to mood control. In D. M. Wegner, & J. W. Pennebaker (Eds.), Handbook of mental control(344-369). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Kobak, R., & Ferenz-Gillies, R. (1994). Emotion regulation and depressive symptoms during adolescence: A functionalist perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 183-192.
Kopp, C. B.(1989). Regulation of distress and negative emotion: A developmental view. Developmental Psychology,25,343-354.
Krohne, H. W. (1996). Individual differences in coping. In M. Zeidner, & N. S. Endler(Eds.), Handbook of coping: Theory, research, applications (381- 409) .New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Labouvie-Vief, G., Hakim-Larson, J., DeVoe, M., & Schoeberlein, S. (1989). Emotion and self-regulation : A life span view. Human Development, 32, 279-299.
Lane, R. D., Quinlan, D. M., Schwaartz, G. E., Walker, P. A., & Zeitlin, S. B. (1990). The levels of emotional awareness scale: A cognitive-developmental measure of emotion. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55 (1ž), 124-134.
Lazarus, R. S. (1993).From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks. Annual Review of Psychology,44, 1-21.
Lazarus, R. S. (1991a). Cognition and motivation in emotion. American Psychologist, April, 352-367.
Lazarus, R. S. (1991b). Emotion and adaptation. New York :Oxford University Press.
Lewis, M., & Haviland, J. M. (1993). Handbook of emotions. New York: Guilford Press.
Losoya, S., Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1998). Developmental issues in the study of coping. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 22(2), 287-313.
Mayer, J. D. (1995). A framework for the classification of personality components. Journal of Personality, 63(4), 820-877.
Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1993).The intelligence of emotional intelligence. Intelligence, 17,433-442.
Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1995).Emotional intelligence and the construction and regulation of feelings. Applied & Preventive Psychology, 4,197-208.
Mayer, J. D., & Geher, G. (1996). Emotional intelligence and the identification of emotion. Intelligence, 22, 89-113.
Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence. In P. Salovey, & D. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Implication for educators(3-31). New York: Basic Books.
Oatley, K.(1993). Social construction in emotions. In M. Lewis, & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (341-151). New York: Guildford Press.
Parkinson, B. (1995). Ideas and realities of emotion. London: Routledge.
Parkinson, B., Totterdell, P., Briner, R. B., & Reynolds, S. (1996). Changing moods : The psychology of mood and mood regulation. London : Longman.
Raillonen, K., Matthews, K. A., Flory, J. D., Owens, J. F., & Gump, B. B. (1999). Effects of optimism, pessimism, and trait anxiety on ambulatory blood pressure and mood during everyday life. Personality Processes and Individual Differences, 76(1),104-113.
Rose, S. P., & Fischer, K. W. (1998). Models and rulers in dynamic development. British Journal of Developmental Psychology ,16, 123-131.
Rubin, K. H., Coplan, R. J., Fox, N. A., & Calkins, S. D.(1995). Emotionality, emotion regulation, and preschoolers'''''''' social adaptation. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 49-62.
Rusting, C. L., & Nolen-Hoeksema S. (1998). Regulating responses to anger: Effects of rumination and distraction on angry mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(3),790-803.
Saarni, C.(1989). Children''''''''s understanding of strategic control of emotional expression in social transaction. In C. Sarrni, & P. L. Harris (Eds.), Children''''''''s understanding of emotion (181-208).New York: Cambridge University Press.
Saarni, C. (1993).Socialization of emotion. In M. Lewis, & J. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (417-434). New York: Guilford Press.
Saarni, C. (1997a). Emotional Competence and self-regulation in childhood. In P. Salovey, & D. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Implication for educators(35-66). New York: Basic Books.
Saarni, C. (1997b). Coping with aversive feelings. Motivation and Emotion, 21(1),45-63.
Saarni, C. (1997c). Emotion management and strategies for social interaction. (ERIC Document Reproduct Service No. ED 407 176)
Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 9, 185-211.
Salovey, P., Hsee, C. K., & Mayer, J. D. (1993). Emotional intelligence and the self-regulation of affect. In D. M. Wegner, & J. W. Pennebaker (Eds.), Handbook of mental control(258-277). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Salovey, P., Mayer, J. D., Goldman, S. L., Turvey, C., & Palfai, T. P.(1995). Emotional attention, clarity and repair: Exploring emotional intelligence using the trait meta-mood scale. In J. W. Pennebaker (Ed.), Emotion, desclosure, and health (125-154). Washington, D. C. : American Psychological Association.
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1987). Dispositional optimism and physical well-being : The influence of generalized outcome expectancies on health. Journal of Personality, 55(2), 169-210.
Schore, A. N. (1994). Affect regulation and the origin of the self: The neurobiology of emotional development. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum associates.
Shields, S. A. (1995). The role of emotion belief and values in gender development. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Social development. London: Sage Publications.
Showers, C. J., & Kling, K. C. (1996). Organization of self- knowledge: Implications for recovery from sad mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(3), 578-590.
Smith, C. A., & Lazarus, R. S. (1990). Emotion and adaptation. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.). Handbook of personality : Theory and research (609-637). New York :The Guilford Press.
Sroufe, L. A.(1997).Emotional development: the organization of emotional life in early years. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Strongman, K. T. (1996). The psychology of emotion (4th ed.). London: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Summerfeldt, L. J., & Endler, N. S. (1996). Coping with emotion and psychopathology. In M. Zeidner, & N. S. Endler (Eds.), Handbook of coping: Theory, research, applications(602- 639) .New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sylwester, R. (1994). How emotions affect learning? Educational Leadership, October, 60-65.
Terwogt, M. M., & Olthof, T. (1989). Awareness and self- regulation of emotion in young children. In C. Saarni, & P. L. Harris (Eds.),. Children''''''''s understanding of emotion (209-237). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Thayer, R. E., Newman, J. R. , & McClain, T. M. (1994). Self-regulation of mood : Strategies for changing a bad mood, raising energy , and reducing tension. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology ,67(5),910-923.
Thompson, R. A. (1991). Emotional regulation and emotional development. Educational Psychology Review, 3(4), 269-307.
Thompson, R. A.(1993). Socioemotional development: Enduring issues and new challenges. Developmental Review, 13, 372-402.
Thompson, R. A.(1994).Emotional regulation: A theme in search of definition. In N. A. Fox (Ed.), The development of emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral aspects. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development ,59,25-52.
Thompson, R. A., & Calkins, S. D. (1996). The double-edged sword: Emotional regulation for children at risk. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 163-182.
Underwood, M. K. (1997). Top ten pressing questions about the development of emotion regulation. Motivation and Emotion , 21(1),127-146.
Wachs, T. D. (1996). Known and potential processes underlying developmental trajectories in childhood and adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 32(4),796-801.
Walden, T. A., & Smith, M. C. (1997). Emotion regulation. Motivation and Emotion, 21(1),7-25.
Weerum, T. M., & Olthof, T. (1989). Awareness and self-regulation of emotion in young children. In C. Saarni, & P. L. Harris. (Eds.). Children''''''''s understanding of emotion (209-237). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Wenzlaff, R. M. (1993). The mental control of depression: Psychological obstacles to emotional well-being. In D. M. Wegner, & J. W. Pennebaker (Eds.), Handbook of mental control(239-257). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Westen, D. (1994). Toward and Integrative model of affect regulation: Applications to social-psychological research. Journal of Personality, 62(4), 640-667.
Wilson, B.(1997). An emotion regulation theory of meta-emotion, parenting and child outcomes. In Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven (Eds.), Meta-emotion: How families communicate emotionally(86-105). New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Zahn-Waxler, C.(1996). Environment, biology, and culture: Implications for adolescent development. Developmental Psychology, 32(4), 571-573.
Zeman, J., & Shipman, K. (1997). Social-contextual influences on expectancies for managing anger and sadness: The transition from middle childhood to adolescence. Development Psychology,33(6),917-924.
Zillmann, D. (1993). Mental control of angry aggression. In D. M. Wegner , & J. W. Pennebaker (Eds.), Handbook of mental control (370-392). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
:::
無相關著作
 
QR Code
QRCODE