:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
題名:家有青少年子女的母親於親子衝突歷程中母職經驗之敘事研究
作者:蔡素琴
作者(外文):TSAI SU CHIN
校院名稱:高雄師範大學
系所名稱:輔導與諮商研究所
指導教授:廖鳳池
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2009
主題關鍵詞:母職親子衝突後現代女性主義社會建構論敘事研究motherhoodmother-adolescent conflictpostmodern feminismsocial constructionismnarrative research
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(2) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:1
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:308
本研究欲從四位家有青少年子女的母親之敘說中,理解其於親子衝突歷程中母職經驗的內涵,以及這些經驗內涵背後所蘊含的性別、社會、文化、歷史等脈絡性意義。研究者採敘事研究取向,藉由對每位受訪者進行4-5次的深度訪談蒐集資料,並基於社會建構論以及後現代女性主義的觀點對資料進行分析與詮釋。
本研究發現,四位受訪者皆經由母職代間傳遞歷程,從原生家庭母親身上傳承、內化父權對女性角色的文化建構,致力於成為社會所認同的「賢妻良母」。其中,在「良母」形象的趨使下,她們都將子女視為自己的「替身」,強行主導其發展,特別是她們期望最高的那名子女。此外,四位受訪者婚後皆歷經家庭地位遭受夫家蓄意矮化、婆媳關係成為婆壓媳的局面、不和諧的婚姻關係、性別刻板化的家庭角色分工,以及被迫與外在資源分離等多重困境,而此「性別」與「階級」交織成的壓力處境,往往成為催化其母子/女衝突反覆循環的溫床。
四位受訪者中,三位本著對女性角色的認同,皆將維繫家庭、教養子女視為人生的依歸,藉母職凸顯自我價值,終讓自己陷入與子女的權力拉鋸中,直到親子關係徹底被撕裂,最後各自倚靠宗教、教育資源與親友的支持、維繫家庭和諧的人生目標等,說服自己在親子關係中讓步。她們都以母職作為自我認同的核心,也都基於對文化母職的認同,而讓自我在母職實踐歷程中不斷地遭受剝削,終在親子關係嚴重受挫下,陷入極度慌亂無助、甚至崩解的狀態。她們最終皆未能掙脫文化框架,而是各自發展出讓自我得以重新融入現有處境的自處之道。
另一位婚後持續發展職場生涯的受訪者,則基於自己在教育專業工作上所獲得的成就感,以及從工作中觸發對自身母職經驗的覺察與自省,逐步起而對抗父權對其身為一位女性、母親的壓迫,重新學習如何基於自己的主體性享受當母親的經驗,讓自我不再隱身、被壓抑在母職之後,而是讓母職成為自我的一部份。
基於上述研究發現,研究者進一步從社會建構論以及後現代女性主義的視框,解析母職經驗內涵所隱含的脈絡性意義:父權家庭結構造就女性婚後易處於弱勢的家庭處境,除了須因應婆媳相處的壓力,夫妻關係中「大男人、小女人」、「男主外、女主內」之刻板化的性別角色配置,亦迫使女性在形同單親的家庭中獨自一人扛起家務與親職,進而在負荷過多親職的情況下,導致其「親權」成為一種傷害親子關係的「侵權」。而台灣社會獨具的孝道倫理,更強化父權對女性的箝制,使其自我難以掙脫「角色責任」的束縛,而總在對家人的犧牲與付出之中建構對自我的認同。
本研究以研究者在母職議題上的生活與實務經驗為起點,最後亦回到研究者對於自身經驗的理解與省思。此外,針對上述研究發現,本研究亦對諮商實務工作、性別平等教育、社會政策,以及未來相關研究提出一些建議。
Based on the narrative research, the main purpose of this research was to explore four participants’ experiences of motherhood in the process of mother-adolescent conflict and to interpret the contextual meaning implied by these experiences. Four to five in-depth interviews were conducted with each participant in order to collect information . The social constructionism and postmodern feminism perspectives were applied to analyze and interpret the text.
This research has showed that four participants inherited and internalized women's roles constructed by the patriarchal culture from their mothers. They endeavored to be the "good wife and good mother" ; moreover, the "good mother" image drove them to see their children as their "surrogates" and forcibly guided their development, especially the child they placed the highest expectation on. Besides, four married participants were to be in an oppressed family status and all experienced multiple difficulties of the conflict with Mother-in-Law, marital discord, stereotyped division of family roles, and the lack of external resources. This "gender" and "class" woven into a pressure situation often became the hotbed of their mother-adolescent conflict.
Grounded on the identity of stereotyped women's roles, three participants thought of their family and children as their main goal in life. They highlighted the self-worth through motherhood, and finally find themselves in a see-saw of power with their adolescents until the mother-adolescent relationship has been completely torn . They eventually had to rely on religious, educational resources, support of their family and friends, the life goal of maintaining family harmony and so on, to convince themselves concessions in the mother-adolescent relationship. They all regarded motherhood as the core of self-identity and also allow the self in the course of motherhood to be exploited continuously based on the recognition of cultural motherhood. Eventually, they suffered a serious setback in the mother-adolescent relationship and the self has fallen into the state of extreme panic, helpless, and even disintegration. Finally, they were unable to break free of cultural frameworks, but have developed their own way to let the self re-integrate into the existing situation.
One participant gradually rised against patriarchal oppression and re-learned how to enjoy the experience of motherhood based on her subjectivity , because of the sense of achievement received from her professional work in the education, as well as the awareness and self-reflection to her own experience of motherhood. So that she let the self was no longer invisible and suppressed by the cultural motherhood, but made motherhood to become a part of the self.
Based on the above findings, the researcher further interpreted the contextual meaning implied by these experiences of motherhood from social constructionism and postmodern feminism perspectives: the patriarchal family structure made married women more prone to the disadvantaged status of family. In addition to the pressure of the relationship with Mother-in-Law, "men are breadwinners, women are homemakers", the configuration of stereotyped gender roles was also forcing women to carry the housework and parenting alone that was tantamount to single-parent families. Because of loading too much parenting, it led to their "parental rights" has become a kind of "infringement" which harmed the mother-adolescent relationship. In Taiwan society, the unique ethic of filial piety made women hard to get rid of the constraints of patriarchy, so their self-identity was always constructed by sacrificing theirselves for families.
中文部分
王玉波(1998)。中國古代的家。台北:商務。
王雅各(2002)。展望新世紀的性屬關係。王雅各(主編),性屬關係(下)(頁341-354)。台北:心理。new window
白曉紅譯(1994);C. Weedon(著):女性主義實踐與後結構主義理論。台北:桂冠。(原著出版於1993年)。
伊慶春、簡文吟(2002)。台灣的家庭與變遷。載於王振寰(主編),台灣社會(頁275-310)。台北:巨流。
成中英(1986)。論儒家孝的倫理及其現代化:責任、權利與德行。漢學研究,4(1),83-106。new window
吳明燁(1998):母親就業對於父母角色分工的影響-以育有青少年子女的家庭為例。中國文化大學社會文化學報,6,113-141。
吳淑儀(2007)。母親與青春期女兒衝突經驗及影響之探究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
呂玉瑕 (1984)。婦女就業與家庭角色、權力結構之關係。中央研究員民族學研究所集刊,56,111-43。
李介至(2002)。青少年親子衝突之現況分析。諮商與輔導月刊,197,21-25。
李銀河(2003)。女性主義。台北:五南。
李銀河(2004)。兩性關係。台北:五南。
易言嬡(2004)。家家有本難唸的經:家有青少年子女的父母親職經驗之性別分析。國立高雄師範大學性別教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,高雄市。
林昭溶(1998)。國中生親子衝突歷程之研究。私立中國文化大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
林美枝(1998)。中國人親子關係的內涵與功能:以大學生為例。本土心理學研究,9,3-52。
林美珠(2000)。敘事研究:從生命故事出發。輔導季刊,36(4),27-34。new window
林麗珊(2005):女性主義的理論與實踐。哲學與文化,32(3),3-20。new window
邱珍琬(2006)。女性主義治療理論與實務運用。台北:五南。
邱惟真、丁興祥(1999)。朱光潛多重自我的對話與轉化:一種敘說建構取向。應用心理研究,2,211-249。new window
俞彥娟(2002)。女性主義對母親角色的批判:波娃和傅瑞丹。成大西洋史集刊,10,311-337。
俞彥娟(2004)。從美國平權修正案的爭議看男女平權和母親角色。女學學誌,18,109-154。new window
俞彥娟(2005):女性主義對母親角色研究的影響-以美國婦女史為例。女學學誌:婦女與性別研究,20,1-40。new window
姜漢儀(2003)。游移在飛翔與駐足之間:現代未婚女性的母職觀。國立台北大學社會學研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
宣秀慧(2001)。青少年親子衝突歷程中的親子互動。私立東吳大學社會工作研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
胡幼慧(1995)。三代同堂-迷思與陷阱。台北:巨流。new window
胡幼慧、陳秋瑩(1992)。社會角色與壓力的迷思。婦女與兩性學刊,3,25-39。
唐文慧、游美惠(2002)。社會母職:女性主義媽媽的願景。婦女與性別研究通訊,63,13-15。
高宣揚(2000)。後現代論。台北:五南。new window
高達觀(1978)。中國家族社會之演變。台北:九思。
莊永佳(1999)。:台灣女性之母職實踐。私立南華大學教育社會學研究所碩士論文,未出版,嘉義。
莊玲珠(2000)。國中生親子衝突來源及其處理策略之研究。國立臺中師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,台中。
莊雪芳(2003)。台中市母親母職角色信念與教養方式之相關研究 。國立嘉義大學家庭教育研究所碩士論文,,未出版,嘉義。new window
莫黎黎(1997)。已婚男性家庭事務分工態度之探究。東吳社會工作學報,3,117-155。
陶希聖(1983)。孝道與孝行研討會發言紀錄。載於中華文化復興運動推行委員會(主編),孝道與孝行研討會論文集(頁19-22)。台北:中華文化復興運動推行委員會。
陳東原(1979)。中國婦女生活史。台北:河洛圖書出版社。new window
陶鐵柱譯(2004),S. de Beauvoir(著):第二性。台北:貓頭鷹。(原著出版於1947年)
游淑華(2006)。衝突與建構―親子衝突的互動與意義建構歷程。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商研究所博士論文,未出版,彰化市。new window
游淑華、巫珍宜、趙淑珠(2004)。親子雙方對循環性衝突的知覺分析。應用心理研究,24,183-213。new window
黃朗文(1998)。已婚兩性對家務分工意識型態之分析,東吳社會工作學報,7,81-111。
黃聖桂(2001)。對青少年子女親子管教的文獻回顧:性別敏感的觀點。中華心理衛生學刊,14(1),89-111。new window
黃聖桂(2003)。家庭脈絡中青少年自主行為展現之研究―從系統整合歷程的觀點探討。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商研究所博士論文,未出版,彰化市。new window
黃囇莉(2003)。游移於生物決定論與社會建構論之間:心理學中的性別意識。女學學誌,16,85-120。new window
楊國樞(1992)。中國人的蛻變。台北:桂冠。new window
楊國樞、葉光輝、黃囇莉(1989)。孝道的社會態度與行為:理論與測量。中央研究院民族學研究所集刊,65,171-227。new window
葉光輝(1995)。孝道困境的消解模式及其相關因素。中央研究院民族學研究所集刊,79,87-118。
葉光輝(1997a)。台灣民眾之孝道觀念的變遷情形。載於張苙雲、呂玉瑕、王甫昌(主編),九0年代的台灣社會:社會變遷基本調查研究系列二(下)(頁171-214)。台北:中央研究院社會學研究所籌備處。
葉光輝(1997b)。親子互動的困境與衝突及其因應方式-孝道觀點的探討。中央研究院民族學研究所集刊,82,65-114。
葉光輝(2000)。親子衝突與孝道(II)。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究報告(NSC89-2413-H-001-002)。中央研究院民族學研究所。
葉光輝(2005)。孝道的心理與行為。載於楊國樞、黃光國、楊中芳(主編),華人本土心理學(上)(頁293-329)。台北:遠流。new window
廖昭銘(2002)。家有青少年的父母親職生活經驗。國立嘉義大學家庭教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,嘉義市。
廖玲玲(2005)。「我當媽媽了!」──新手媽媽初任母職歷程之研究。國立臺東大學教育研究所,未出版,台東。
劉惠琴(1999):女性主義觀點看夫妻衝突與影響歷程。婦女與兩性學刊,10,41-77。new window
劉惠琴(2000)。母女關係的社會建構。應用心理研究,6,97-130。new window
劉惠琴(2004年10月)。當西方的女性主義遇上華人的家族主義-華人婚姻的性別之牆。論文發表於中央研究院人文社會科學研究中心所舉辦之第七屆華人心理與行為科際學術研討會,中央研究院。new window
潘淑滿(2005)。台灣母職圖像。女學學誌:婦女與性別研究,20,41-91。
潘慧玲(1999)。教育學發展的女性主義觀點:女性主義教育學初探。載於國立台灣師範大學教育學系、教育部國家講座(主編),教育科學的國際化本土化(頁 527-552)。台北:揚智。
薛雪萍(2000)。青少年家庭功能、親子衝突、因應策略與生活適應之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。new window
鍾年(1998)。中國傳統家庭的人生角色。載於漢學研究中心(主編),中國家庭及其倫理研討會論文集(頁321-344)。台北:漢學研究中心。
簡淑伶(2003)。家有青少女的母親生活經驗。國立嘉義大學家庭教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,嘉義市。
羅國英(2000)。母親教養期望與親職壓力及青少年親子關係知覺的關聯---兼談學業成就於其中的角色。私立東吳社會工作學報,6,35-72。new window
羅國英(2001)。青少年親子衝突知覺的演變歷程。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究報告(NSC89-2413-H-031-002)。私立東吳大學社會工作系。


英文部分
Allison, B. N., & Schultz, J. B. (2004). Parent-adolescent conflict in early adolescence. Adolescence, 39(1), 101-119.
Apple, R. D., & Golden, J. (1997). Introduction: Mothers, motherhood, and historians. In Mothers and motherhood: Readings in American history (pp. x-xvii). Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press.
Arendell, T. (2000). Caregiving and investigating motherhood: The decade’s scholarship. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62, 1192-1207.
Beasley, C. (1999). What is feminism? An introduction to feminist theory. London: Sage.
Belenky, M., Clinchy, B., Golderberg, N., & Tarule, J. (1986). Women’s ways of knowing. New York: Basic Books.
Bruner, J. (1990). Acts of meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Burr, V. (2003). Social constructionism (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
Chodorow, N. (1978). The reproduction of mothering: Psychoanalysis and the sociology of gender. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Chodorow, N. J. (1999). The reproduction of mothering: Psychoanalysis and the sociology of gender (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Choi, P., Henshaw, C., Baker, S., & Tree, J. (2005). Supermum, superwife, supereverything: Performing femininity in the transition to motherhood. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 23, 167-180.
Clandinin, D. J., & Connelly, F. M. (2000). Narrative inquiry: Experience andstory in qualitative research. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Collins, P. H. (1994). Shifting the center: race, class, and feminist theorizing about motherhood. In D. Bassin, M. Honey, & M. M. Kaplan (Eds.), Representations of motherhood (pp. 56-74). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Collins, W. A., & Laursen, B. (2004). Parent-adolescent relationships andinfluences. In R. M. Lerner & L. Steinberg(Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology(pp.331-361). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Collins, W. A., Laursen, B., Mortensen, N., Luebker, C., & Ferreira, M. (1997). Conflict processes and transitions in parent and peer relationships:implications for autonomy and regulation. Journal of adolescent research, 12(2), 178-198.
Connell, R. W. (2002). Gender. Malden, MA : Blackwell.
Cowdery, R. S., & Knudson-Martin, C. (2005). The construction of motherhood: Tasks, relational connection, and gender equality. Family Relations, 54, 335-345.
Crossley, M. L. (2000). Introducing narrative psychology: Self, trauma and the construction of meaning. Buckinghamshire, England: Open University Press.
Deković, M. (1999). Parent-adolescent conflict: Possible determinants andconsequences. International journal of behavioral of development, 23(4), 977-1000.
Deković, M., Noom, M. J., & Meeus, W. (1997). Expectations regardingdevelopment during adolescence: Parental and adolescent perceptions. Journal of youth and adolescence, 26(3), 253-272.
Firestone, S. (1970). The dialectic of sex: The case for feminist revolution. New York: Bantam Books.
Foucault, M. (1982). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison (A. Sheridan, Trans.). New York: Vintage Books. (Original work published 1977)
Freedman, J., & Combs, G. (1996). Narrative therapy: The social construction of preferred realities. New York: Norton.
Friedan, B. (1983). The feminine mystique. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Friedan, B. (1986). The second stage. New York: Summit Books.
Gergen, K. (1985). The social constructionist movement in modern psychology. American Psychologist, 40, 266-275.
Gilligan, C. (1993). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Glenn, E. N. (1994). Social constructions of mothering: A thematic overview. In E. N. Glenn, G. Chang, & L. R. Forcey (Eds.), Mothering: Ideology, experience, and agency (pp. 1-29). New York: Routledge.
Goldberger, N. (1996). Cultural imperatives and diversity in ways of knowing. In N. Goldberger, J. Tarule, B. Clinchy, & M. Belenky (Eds.), Knowledge, difference, and power. New York: Basic Books.
Goldenberg, I., & Goldenberg, H. (2007). Family therapy: An overview (7th ed.). Belmont, CA : Thomson Brooks/Cole.
Hermans, H. J., Kempen, H. J., & Van Loon, R. J. (1992). The dialogical self: Beyond individualism and rationalism. American Psychologist, 47, 23-33.
Holmbeck, G. N. (1996). A model of family relational transformations duringthe transition to adolescence: Parent-adolescent conflict and adaptation. In J. A. Graber, J. Brooks-Gunn & A. C. Petersen (Eds.), Transitions through adolescence(pp.167-199). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
Jaggar, A. M. (1983). Feminist politics and human nature. Totowa: Rowman & Allanheld.
Johnson, A. G. (2005). The gender knot: Unraveling our patriarchal legacy. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Jordan, J. V. (1997). A relational perspective for understanding women’s development. In J. V. Jordan (Ed.), Women’s growth in diversity: More writings from the stone center (pp. 9-24). New York: Guilford.
Jordan, J. V., & Hartling, L. M. (2002). New developments in relational-cultural theory. In M. Ballou & L.S. Brown (Eds.), Rethinking mental health and disorder: Feminist Perspectives (pp. 48-70). New York: Guilford Press.
Jordan, J. V., Kaplan, A. G., Miller, J. B., Stiver, I. P., & Surrey, J. L. (Eds.). (1991). Women’s growth in connection: Writings from the Stone Center. New York: Guilford.
Kerig, P. K., Cowan, P. A., & Cowan, C. P. (1993). Marital quality and gender differences in parent-child interaction. Developmental Psychology, 29, 931-939.
Koski, K. J., & Steinberg, L. (1990). Parenting satisfaction of mothers during midlife. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 19(5), 465-474.
Larson, R., & Richards, M. H. (1994). Divergent realities: The emotional lives of mothers, fathers, and adolescents. New York: Basic Books.
Laursen, B. (1995). Conflict and social interaction in adolescent relationships. Journal of research on Adolescence, 5, 55-70.
Laursen, B., Coy, K. C., & Collins, W. A. (1998). Reconsidering changes inparent-child conflict across adolescence: A meta-analysis. Childdevelopment, 69(3), 817-832.
Lieblich, A., Tuval-Mashiach R., & Zilber, T. (1998). Narrative research: Reading, analysis, and interpretation. Tousand Oaks: Sage.
Lu, H. S. (2004). Transcribing feminism: Taiwanese women’s experiences. In C. Farris, A. Lee, & M. Rubinstein (Eds.), Women in the new Taiwan: Gender roles and gender consciousness in a changing society (pp. 223-243). New York: M. E. Sharpe.
MacDermid, S., & Crouter, A. C. (1995). Midlife, adolescence, and parentalemployment in family systems. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24(1), 29-54.
McMahon, M. (1995). Engendering motherhood: Identity and self-transformation in women’s lives. New York: Guilford Press.
Miller, J. B. (1986). Toward a new psychology of women (2nd ed.). Boston: Beacon Press.
Miller, J. B. (1991). The development of women’s sense of self. In J. V. Jordan, A. G. Kaplan, J. B. Miller, I. P. Stiver, & J. L. Surrey (Eds.). Women’s growth in connection: Writings from the stone center (pp. 11-26). New York: Guilford.
Montemayor, R. (1986). Family variation in parent-adolescent storm and stress. Journal of adolescent research, 1, 15-31.
Nelson, M. L. (1996). Separation versus connection, The gender controversy: Implications for counseling women. Journal of Counseling & Development, 74, 339-344.
Oakley, A. (1974). Women’s work: The housewife, past and present. New York: Vintage.
Paikoff, R. L., & Brooks-Gunn J. (1991). Do parent-child relationships change during puberty? Psychological bulletin, 110, 47-66.
Papalia, D. E., Olds, S. W., & Feldman, R. D. (2001). Human Development. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Paris, R., & Helson, R. (2002). Early mothering experience and personality change. Journal of Family Psychology, 16, 172-185.
Polkinghorne, D. E. (1995). Narrative configuration in qualitative analysis. In J. A. Hatch & R. Wisniewski (Eds.). Life history and narrative (pp.5-24).Washington, DC: Falmer Press.
Reed, B. G., & Garvin, C. D. (1996). Feminist psychodynamic group psychotherapy: Feminist principles as praxis. In B. DeChant (Ed.), Women and group psychotherapy and practice (pp. 127-154). New York: Guilford.
Rich, A. (1995). Of women born: Motherhood and experience and institution. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Riessman, C. K. (1993). Narrative analysis. Newbury Park: Sage.
Robin, A. L., & Foster, S. L.(1989). Negotiating parent-adolescent conflict: A behavioral-family systems approach. New York: Guilford.
Ross, E. (1995). New thoughts on the oldest vocation: Mothers andmotherhood in recent feminist scholarship. Sings: Journal of women inculture and society, 20(2): 397-413.
Ruck, M. D., Peterson-Badali, M., & Day, D. M. (2002). Adolescent’s andmother’s understanding of children’s rights in the home. Joural of Research on Adolescence, 12(3), 373-398.
Santrock, J. W. (2001). Adolescence (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Schreurs, K. (1993). Daughtering: The development of female subjectivity. In J. V. Mens- Verhulst, K. Schreurs, & L. Woertman (Ed.), Daughtering and mothering: Female subjectivity reanalysed (pp. 7-14). New York: Routledge.
Silverberg, S. B., & Steinberg, L. (1990). Psychological well-being of parentswith early adolescent children. Developmental Psychology, 26(4), 658-666.
Silverberg, S. B., & Steinberg, L. (1987). Adolescent autonomy,parent-adolescent conflict, and parental well-being. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16(3), 293-312.
Smetana, J. G. (1988). Adolescents’ and parents’ conceptions of parentalauthority. Child Development, 59, 321-335.
Smetana, J. G. (1995). Parenting styles and conceptions of parental authority during adolescence. Child Development, 66, 299-316.
Steinberg, L. (1990). Interdependence in the family: Autonomy, conflict, andharm-ony in the parent-adolescent relationship. In S. S. Feldman & G. L. Elliott (Eds.), At the threshold: The developing adolescent (pp. 255-276). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Steinberg, L. (2001). We know some things: Parent-adolescent relationships in retrospect and prospect. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11(1), 1-19.
Surrey, J. L. (1991). The self-in-relation: A theory of women’s development. In Jordan, J. V., Kaplan, A. G., Miller, J. B., Stiver, I. P., & Surrey, J. L.(Eds.). Women’s growth in connection: Writing from stone center (pp. 51-66). New York: Guilford Press.
Tong, R. (1989). Feminist thought: A comprehensive introduction. New York : Routledge.
Vuchinich, S., Angelelli, J., & Gatherum, A. (1996). Context and development in family problem solving with preadolescenct children. Child Development, 67, 1276-1288.
Walker, M. (1990). Women in therapy and counseling. Buckingham, England: Open University Press.
Woodward, K. (1997). Motherhood: Identities, meanings and myths. In K. Woodward (Eds.), Identity and difference (pp. 239-298). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Woollett, A., & Marshall, H. (2001). Motherhood and mothering. In R. K. Unger (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of women and gender (pp.170-182). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Yau, J., & Smetana, J. G. (1996). Adolescent-parent conflict among Chinese Adolescents in Hong Kong. Child Development, 67, 1262-1275.
 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
:::
無相關著作
 
QR Code
QRCODE