本文主要討論文學史演進的「文學進化論」、「反動進化論」與日治台灣新舊文學演進的關係。日治時期，張我軍受到中國五四新文學的影響，提倡文學革命。他根據胡適的文學進化論，認為時代進化，文學也隨之演進，所以文學進化論為新文學取代舊文學取得正當性。他又根據反動進化論，將台灣新舊文學形成反動對立的文學特質：重形式技巧、墮落的、遊戲的特質歸於舊文學，類比為西方古典主義；重視作者情感表現、進化的特質歸於新文學，類比為浪漫主義。因此，從理論的重要性來看，反動進化論對於台灣新舊文學演進的影響，遠比文學進化論重要。當張我軍引進反動進化論，並將台灣文學納入西方文藝思潮演進路程，台灣新文學在為西方文藝思潮影響下，就無法自絕於世界文學之外。

This article is to discuss the literary history theory of literary evolutionism, reactive Evolutionism and the relation among the theories with Taiwan’s Neo-Traditional Literature. During the period of debates of Taiwan’s Neo-Traditional Literature, Chiang Woe Jiang （張我軍）was influenced by the May-Forth- Literature-revolution from China . The literary Evolutionism theory brought the legislation for the displacement of traditional Literature. He also accepted the reactive evolutionism, made the contrast against Neo-Traditional Literature. The traditional literature was attributed the characteristics of literature skill, decadence, for joy, and just as the western Classicism. The neo literature was emphasized the poet’s feeling of presentation and analogized to the Romanticism. So, the reactive evolutionism was more important than the literary evolutionism during the period of debates of Taiwan’s Neo-Traditional Literature.