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題名：國家、公民社會與審議民主：公民會議在臺灣的發展經驗
書刊名：臺灣社會學
作者：林國明
作者(外文)：Lin, Kuo-ming
出版日期：2009
卷期：17
頁次：頁161-217
主題關鍵詞：審議民主；公民會議；共識會議；公共領域；公民社會；Consensus conference；Citizen conference；Deliberative democracy；Public sphere；Citizen participation
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(25) 博士論文(3) 專書(0) 專書論文(3)
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  • 共同引用共同引用:508
  • 點閱點閱:175
本文試圖回答什麼因素影響「國家贊助的公民會議」在台灣的發 展及其運作特質。本文採取「政治制度結構」的觀點，從國家與公民 社會的互動關係、代議制度的特質，和國家組織的決策結構這三組制 度要素的聚合作用，來分析公民會議在台灣的發展與整體特性。本文 的分析指出，現有代議民主體制的弊病所滋生的公眾不滿，使得公民 會議所要體現的審議民主理念具有一定程度的公共接受度。政府決策 結構對學界的相對開放性，使得創新性理念可以傳導到政府機構。民 進黨執政菁英，由於無法掌握國會多數，又必須面對社會團體的抗爭 和要求擴大參與的壓力，於是策略性推動公民會議，來協助解決民主 治理的問題。在公民會議理念的擴散網絡中，社會團體和學界，也透 過參與政府決策或政策諮詢的途徑，要求或建議政府辦理公民會議。 這些條件的聚合促成「國家贊助的公民會議」的顯著發展。本文也指 出，國家組織決策結構的特質，導致公民會議的規範架構和程序原則 無法鑲嵌在法規、機構和例行化操作，使得有些政府發動的公民會議 並沒有嚴守程序規則。缺乏制度規範損及公民會議的正當性和政策影 響力。本文也分析政治結構所型塑公民社會團體對國家贊助的公民會 議的態度。一方面，代議體制的弊病使得一些社會團體受到審議民主 理念的吸引；另一方面，某些公民社會團體的組織特性，以及和威權 國家對抗的歷史所形成的政治性格，也使他們對國家和一般公民的能 力不太信任，也傾向於採取衝突性的對抗策略。這種性格使某些社會 團體對政府發動的公民會議保持戒心。社會團體對公民會議的矛盾態 度，影響了公民會議在台灣的運作特質與後續發展。
The consensus conference is an innovative model of citizen participation that embodies the idea of deliberative democracy. Beginning in 2004, state-sponsored consensus conferences flourished in Taiwan. This paper analyzes the developmental trend and characteristics of Taiwan's state-sponsored consensus conferences. Adopting a political structure perspective, it investigates how the institutional configuration of state-society relations, representative institutions, and governmental decision-making structures helped shape the development and operation of consensus conferences in Taiwan. It is argued that several institutional factors combined to create favorable conditions for developing state-sponsored conferences in Taiwan. Popular discontent with the functioning of representative institutions made the appeals for deliberative democracy attractive, while the relative openness to academic consultation rendered possible the flow of consensus conferences' innovative ideas from the scholarly community to governmental officials. Facing legislative battles from opposition parties and increasing pressures of protests and participation from social groups, the minority government of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) strategically used state-sponsored consensus conferences to solve problems of governance. This paper also points out the institutional drawbacks that inhibited the sustainable development of statesponsored consensus conferences in Taiwan. Constrained by some features of state decision-making structures, the normative framework and procedural rules of consensus conferences could not be embedded in laws, institutions, and routinized practices. As a result, operational rules were not strictly followed and procedural neutrality was violated in some cases of the state-sponsored consensus conferences, which hurt the legitimacy and policy effects of this innovative model of citizen participation. The political structure perspective helps account for civic groups' attitudes toward state-sponsored consensus conferences. On the one hand, amid the popular discontents caused by adversarial politics, some civic groups attempted to promote consensus conferences to improve the quality of representative democracy; on the other hand, some social groups' undemocratic organizing and confrontational approach led certain leaders of civic groups to have little trust in government and civic competence, thus making them wary of state-sponsored consensus conferences. The ambivalent attitudes of civic society groups influenced the development and operation of consensus conferences in Taiwan.
期刊論文
1.Chambers, Simone(2003)。Deliberative Democratic Theory。Annual Review of Political Science，6(1)，307-326。  new window
2.林國明(20090300)。公共領域、公民社會與審議民主。思想，11，181-195。new window  延伸查詢new window
3.Swidler, Ann(1986)。Culture in Action :Symbol and Strategies。American Sociological Review，51，273-286。  new window
4.杜文苓(20070600)。審議民主與社會運動：民間團體籌辦新竹科學園區宜蘭基地公民會議的啟發。公共行政學報，23，67-93。new window  延伸查詢new window
5.Guston, David H.(1999)。Evaluating the First U.S. Consensus Conference: The Impacts of Citizen's Panel on Telecommunication and the Future of Democracy。Science, Technology and Human Values，24(4)，451-482。  new window
6.楊婉瑩(20040900)。婦權會到性別平等委員會的轉變：一個國家女性主義的比較觀點分析。政治科學論叢，21，117-147。new window  延伸查詢new window
7.沈有忠(20040900)。半總統制下的權力集散與政府穩定--臺灣與威瑪共和的比較。臺灣民主季刊，1(3)，99-129。new window  延伸查詢new window
8.吳介民(20021200)。解除克勞塞維茲的魔咒：分析當前社會改革運動的困境。臺灣社會學，4，159-198。new window  延伸查詢new window
9.鄭敦仁、許文英(20040300)。民主臺灣之政黨：比較觀點。臺灣民主，1(1)，27-40。new window  延伸查詢new window
10.林祐聖(20070900)。我們沒有臺上臺下之分--代理孕母公民共識會議中的專家與常民關係。臺灣民主，4(3)，1-32。new window  延伸查詢new window
11.黃東益(20081200)。審議過後--從行政部門觀點探討公民會議的政策連結。東吳政治學報，26(4)，59-96。new window  延伸查詢new window
12.杜文苓、彭渰雯(20080300)。社運團體的體制內參與及影響--以環評會與婦權會為例。臺灣民主季刊，5(1)，119-148。new window  延伸查詢new window
13.蕭新煌(20040300)。臺灣的非政府組織、民主轉型與民主治理。臺灣民主季刊，1(1)，65-84。new window  延伸查詢new window
14.林國明、陳東升(20031200)。公民會議與審議民主：全民健保的公民參與經驗。臺灣社會學，6，61-118。new window  延伸查詢new window
15.陳東升(20060300)。審議民主的限制--臺灣公民會議的經驗。臺灣民主季刊，3(1)，77-104。new window  延伸查詢new window
16.黃東益、施佳良、傅凱若(20070900)。地方公共審議說理過程初探：2005年宜蘭社大公民會議個案研究。公共行政學報，24，71-102。new window  延伸查詢new window
17.黃競涓(20080900)。女性主義對審議式民主之支持與批判。臺灣民主季刊，5(3)，33-69。new window  延伸查詢new window
18.盛杏湲、黃士豪(20060900)。臺灣民眾為什麼討厭立法院？。臺灣民主季刊，3(3)，85-127。new window  延伸查詢new window
19.黃東益、李翰林、施佳良(20070300)。「搏感情」或「講道理」？：公共審議中參與者自我轉化機制之探討。東吳政治學報，25(1)，39-71。new window  延伸查詢new window
20.黃秀端(20031200)。少數政府在國會的困境。臺灣政治學刊，7(2)，3-49。new window  延伸查詢new window
21.林國明、陳東升(20050900)。審議民主、科技決策與公共討論。科技、醫療與社會，3，1-49。new window  延伸查詢new window
22.顧忠華(19991200)。公民結社的結構變遷--以臺灣非營利組織的發展為例。臺灣社會研究季刊，36，123-145。new window  延伸查詢new window
23.陳宏銘(20071200)。臺灣半總統制下「少數政府」的存續：2000~2004。東吳政治學報，25(4)，1-64。new window  延伸查詢new window
24.Andersen, Ida-Elisabeth、Jager, Birgit(1999)。Scenario Workshops and Consensus Conferences: Toward More Democratic Decision-making。Science and Public Policy，26(5)，331-340。  new window
25.Bille, Lars(1989)。Denmark: The Oscillating Party System。West European Politics，12(4)，42-58。  new window
26.Campbell, John L.(2002)。Ideas, Politics, and Public Policy。Annual Review of Sociology，28，21-38。  new window
27.Carpini, Michael X. Delli、Cook, Fay Lomax、Jacobs, Lawrence R.(2004)。Public Deliberation, Discursive Participation and Citizen Engagement: A Review of Empirical Literature。Annual Review of Political Science Review，7(1)，315-344。  new window
28.Dryzek, John S.、Tucker, Aviezer(2008)。Deliberative Innovation to Different Effect: Consensus Conference in Denmark, France, and the United States。Public Administration Review，68(5)，864-876。  new window
29.Green-Pedersen, Christoffer(2001)。Minority Governments and Party Politics: The Political and Institutional Background to the "Danish Miracle"。Journal of Public Policy，21(1)，53-70。  new window
30.Green-Pedersen, Christoffer、Thomsen, Lisbeth Hoffmann(2005)。Bloc Politics vs. Broad Cooperation? The Functioning of Danish Minority Parliamentarism。The Journal of Legislative Studies，11(2)，53-169。  new window
31.Hendriks, Carolyn M.(2005)。Participatory Storylines and Their Influence on Deliberative Forums。Policy Sciences，38(1)，1-20。  new window
32.Leib, Ethan J.(2005)。The Chinese Communist Party and Deliberative Democracy。Journal of Public Deliberation，1(1)。  new window
33.Nielsen, Annika Porsborg、Lassen, Jesper、Sandøe, Peter(2007)。Democracy at Its Best? The Consensus Conference in a Cross-national Perspective。Journal of Agricultural And Environmental Ethics，20(1)，13-35。  new window
34.Wedeen, Lisa(2002)。Conceptualizing Culture: Possibilities for Political Science。American Political Science Review，96(4)，713-728。  new window
學位論文
1.林國明(1997)。From Authoritarianism to Statism: The Politics of National Health Insurance in Taiwan(博士論文)。Department of Sociology，New Haven, CT。  new window
2.王英馨(2002)。以「政策網絡」途徑探討代理孕母政策。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.(2007)。口中之光：審議民主的理論與實踐。口中之光：審議民主的理論與實踐。臺北：臺灣智庫。  延伸查詢new window
2.(2005)。The Deliberative Democracy Handbook: Strategies for Effective Civic Engagement in the 21st Century。The Deliberative Democracy Handbook: Strategies for Effective Civic Engagement in the 21st Century。San Francisco, CA：Jossey-Bass。  new window
3.行政院衛生署(2004)。公民參與 : 審議民主的實踐與全民健康保險政策。臺北市：行政院衛生署。  延伸查詢new window
4.Joss, S.、Durant, J.(1995)。Public participation in science: The role of consensus conferences in Europe。London：Science Museum。  new window
5.Shapiro, Ian(2003)。The State of Democratic Theory。NJ：Princeton：Princeton University Press。  new window
6.Pierson, Paul(1994)。Dismantling the welfare state? Reagan, Thatcher, and the politics of retrenchment。Cambridge University Press。  new window
7.Fishkin, James S.(1995)。The Voice of the People: Public Opinion and Democracy。Yale University Press。  new window
8.Bohman, James(1996)。Public Deliberation: Pluralism, Complexity, and Democracy。MIT Press。  new window
9.Gutmann, Amy、Thompson, Danis(1996)。Democracy and Disagreement。Belknap Press of Harvard University Press。  new window
10.行政院衛生署(2004)。全民健保改革綜論。行政院衛生署。  延伸查詢new window
11.Young, Iris Marion(2000)。Inclusion and Democracy。Oxford University Press。  new window
12.Habermas, Jürgen、Rehg, William(1996)。Between Facts and Norms: Contribution to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy。Cambridge, MA：MIT Press。  new window
13.李丁讚、陳弱水、錢永祥、顧忠華、吳乃德、夏春祥、吳介民(20040000)。公共領域在臺灣：困境與契機。臺北：桂冠。new window  延伸查詢new window
14.Dryzek, John S.(2000)。Deliberative democracy and beyond: liberals, critics, contestations。Oxford University Press。  new window
15.臺灣智庫、財團法人臺灣民主基金會(2005)。審議民主實務工作坊：會議實錄。審議民主實務工作坊：會議實錄。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
16.行政院青年輔導委員會(2007)。給臺灣年輕的夢想：青年國是會議成果彙編2004-2006。給臺灣年輕的夢想：青年國是會議成果彙編2004-2006。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
17.行政院衛生署(2007)。關鍵時刻：邁向全民健保改革新紀元。關鍵時刻：邁向全民健保改革新紀元。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
18.何明修(2008)。體制化極其不滿：二十年來的臺灣勞工運動。跨戒：流動與堅持的臺灣社會。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
19.林國明(2008)。行政民主之實踐：全國型議題審議民主公民參與。臺北：行政院研考會。  延伸查詢new window
20.林國明(2008)。全國型議題審議民主公民參與操作手冊。臺北：行政院研考會。  延伸查詢new window
21.范雲(2008)。從民間社會邁向公民社會。跨戒：流動與堅持的臺灣社會。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
22.黃長玲(2008)。民主深化與婦運歷程。跨戒：流動與堅持的臺灣社會。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
23.(1996)。States, Social Knowledge, and the Origins of Modern Social Policies。States, Social Knowledge, and the Origins of Modern Social Policies。Princeton, NJ。  new window
24.Weir, Margaret(1992)。Politics and Jobs。Politics and Jobs。Princeton, NJ。  new window
其他
1.林國明(20070900)。審議民主實踐的多元模式--評John Gastill and Peter Levine eds., 審議民主手冊：二十一世紀有效的公民參與策略。  延伸查詢new window
2.(2007)。永續發展行動計畫情形一覽表，臺北。  延伸查詢new window
3.The Loka Institute(2008)。Danish-style, Citizen-based Deliberative Consensus Conference on Science & Technology Policy Worldwide。  new window
圖書論文
1.林國明(2000)。民主化與社會政策的公共參與：以全民健保為例。臺灣的社會福利運動。臺北市：巨流。new window  延伸查詢new window
2.O'Donnell, Guillermo(1999)。Horizontal Accountability in New Democracies。The self-restraining state: power and accountability in new democracies。Boulder, Colo.：Lynne Rienner Publishers。  new window
3.Hall, Peter A.(1992)。The Movement from Keynesianism to Monetarism: Institutional Analysis and British Economic Policy in the 1970s。Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis。Cambridge University Press。  new window
4.Weir, Margaret(1989)。Ideas and Politics: The Acceptance of Keynesianism in Britain and the United States。The Political Power of Economic Ideas: Keynesianism Across Nations。Princeton, NJ：Princeton University Press。  new window
5.Klüver, Lars(2000)。Danish Board of Technology。Parliaments and Technology: The Development of Technology Assessment in Europe。Albany, NY：State University of New York Press。  new window
6.Pierson, Paul、Skocpol, Theda(2002)。Historical Institutionalism in Contemporary Political Science。Political Science: State of the Discipline。W. W. Norton and Company。  new window
7.李丁讚、吳介民(20080000)。公民社會的概念史考察。群學爭鳴：臺灣社會學發展史，1945-2005。臺北：群學出版有限公司。new window  延伸查詢new window
 
 
 
 
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