參考文獻
中文部份
內政部(2011)。各宗教教務概況。2013年5月20日，取自
http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/year/y01 03.xls
內政部(2013)。內政部統計年報。2013年6月16日，取自
http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/year/list.htm
內政部(2013)。統計年鑑。2013年5月20日，取自http://www.moi.gov.tw/stat/
王秋绒(2009)。老人靈性智能發展策略，生死學研究，9，127-160。
台灣基督長老教會松年大學(2009)。松年大學創校始因。2013年7月7日，取自
http://diary.blog.yam.com/seniorcollege
吳明隆(2008)。論文寫作與量化研究。台北：五南圖書。
吳淑娟(2010)。高齡學習者日常生活能力、問題解決策略與幸福感觀係之研究-以樂齡學習資源中心為例。嘉義
縣：國立中正大學成人及繼續教育學習博士論文，未出版。
李政賢(譯) (2011)。正向心理學。(原作者：Baumgardner,S.R.& Crothers M.K.)。台北市：五南。(原
著出版年：2009)
邱浩政（2006）。量化研究與統計分析：SPSS中文視窗版資料分析範例解析。台北：五南。
侯亭妤(2012)。我國大學生正向情緒量表建置暨實徵性研究。高雄市：高雄師範大學教育學系博士論文，未出版。洪蘭(譯)(2009)。真實的快樂(原作者：Seligman,M.E.P.)。台北市：遠流。(原著出版年：2002)
祖靜萍(2005)。台北市松年大學學員學習動機與學習滿意度之研究。台北市：實踐大學家庭研究與兒童發展研究所
碩士論文，未出版。
高雄市社區型長青學苑(2013)。社區型長青學苑。2013年7月7日，取自http://www.kcs.org.tw/zh/company/3.html
張淑美(譯)(2007)。生命教育-推動學校的靈性課程。(原作者：Miller,R.)。台北：學富。(原著出版年：2000)
張雅嵐(2008)。成人學習者正向情緒轉化學習之研究。台北市：國立臺灣師範大學社會教育學系碩士論文，未出版。
教育部樂齡網(2013)。樂齡大學。2013年7月6日，取自 http://moe.senioredu.moe.gov.tw/
教育部樂齡網(2013)。樂齡學習中心。2013年7月6日，取自http://moe.senioredu.moe.gov.tw/
莊子怡(2009)。第二型糖尿病患者的自我效能、動機調節、正負向情緒與疾病適應之關聯。新北市：輔仁大學心理學系碩士論文，未出版。
郭希寧(2010)。心似琉璃，境如菩提~佛教信仰癌症病患正向情緒轉化學習歷程之探討。嘉義縣：國立中正大學成人及繼續教育研究所碩士論文，未出版。
景筱玉(2010)。碩士生的生活壓力、社會支持與幸福感關係之研究－以北部地區大學校院為例。台北市：國立台北科技大學技術及職業教育研究所碩士論文，未出版。
黃富順(2012)。高齡心理學。台北：師大書苑。黃富順，林麗惠，吳淑娟(2010)。全國老人生活幸福感調查報告。教育部委託專案報告。新竹市：玄奘大學人力資源及發展學系。
葉秀菊(2011)。岡山松年大學學員參與學習動機與學習障礙之研究。高雄師範大學成人教育研究所碩士論文，高雄市，未出版。
詹明娟(2009)。中高齡學習者休閒態度與活躍老化之關係研究。南投縣：國立暨南國際大學成人與繼續教育研究所碩士論文，未出版。
劉靜軒(2005)。老人社會大學學員智慧與生活滿意度相關之研究。嘉義縣：國立中正大學高齡者教育研究所碩士論文，未出版。
蔡佳男(2010)。南部地區大學生正向情緒、樂觀傾向及生活適應之相關研究。台南市：國立臺南大學教育學系課程與教學碩士班論文，未出版。
蕭勝斌(2009)。高齡學習者人格特質、思考風格與智慧關係之研究。嘉義縣：國立中正大學成人及繼續教育所博士論文，未出版。羅暐如(2011)。靈性教育方案對高齡者靈性健康影響之研究。台北市：國立台灣師範大學社會教育學系碩士論文，未出版。
蘇彥睿(2012)。正向情緒擴建理論取向之動物輔助治療對老人幸福感之影響。新北市：東吳大學心理系碩士論文，未出版。
外文部份
Ashida, S., & Heaney, C.A.(2008).Differential associations of social support and social connectedness with structural features of social networks and the health status of older adults. Journal of Aging and Health, 20 (7), 872-893.
Atchley, R. C. (1989). The Continuity theory of normal aging. The Gerontologist, 29, 183–90.
Atchley, R. C.(2009). Spirituality and aging. Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Atchley, R.C. (1997). Everyday mysticism: Spiritual development in later adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 4, 123–134.
Atchley, R.C. (2008). Spirituality, meaning and the experience of aging. Generations, 32 (2), 12-16.
Azarian, R.C. (2010). Social ties: Elements of a substantive conceptualization. Acta Sociologica, 53(4), 323-338.
Bailly, N., & Roussiau, N.(2010). The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES): validation of the short form in an elderly French population. Canadian Journal on Aging La Revue Canadienne du Vieillissement, 29 (2), 223-231.
Ballew, S.H., Hannum, S.M., Gaines, J.M., Marx, K.Ａ., & Parrish, J.M. (2011). The role of spiritual experiences and activities in the relationship between chronic illness and psychological well-being. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Maryland, Baltimore and Baltimore County.
Barrett, L.F., & Russell, A.A.(1999). The structure of current affect: controversies and emerging consensus. Current Directions in Psychological science, 8, 10–14.
Basso, M.R., Schefft, B.K., Ris, M.D., & Dember, W.N. (1996). Mood and global-local visual processing. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 2, 249–255.
Bassuk, S., Glass, T., & Berkman, L. (1999). Social disengagement and incident cognitive decline in communitydwelling elderly persons. Annals of Internal Medicine, 131(3), 165-173.
Bellah, R., Madsen, R., Sullivan, W., Swidler, A., & Tipton, S. (1985). Habits of the heart: Individualism and commitment in American life. Retrieved January 25, 2013, from http://www.kropfpolisci.com/vod.bellah.pdf
Bellingham, R., Cohen, B., Jones, T., & Spaniol, L. (1989). Connectedness: Some skills for spiritual health. American Journal of Health Promotion, 4, 18–31.
Bensley, R. J. (1991). Spiritual health as a component of worksite health promotion/wellness programming: A review of the literature. Journal of Health Education, 22, 352-353.
Berkman, L.F., Glass, T., Brissette, I., & Seeman, T.E.(2000). From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium. Social Science and Medicine,51, 843–857.
Bethany, E. K., & Barbara, L. F. (2010). Upward spirals of the heart: Autonomic flexibility, as indexed by vagal tone, reciprocally and prospectively predicts positive emotions and social connectedness. Biological Psychology, 85 (3), 432–436.
Bolger, N., Foster, M., Vinokur, A. D., & Ng, R. (1996). Close relationships and adjustment to a life crisis: The case of breast cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 283–294.
Borg, J., Andree, B., Sorderstrom, H., & Farde, L. (2003).The serotonin system and spiritual experiences. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1965–1969.
Borsari, B., & Carey, K. B. (2001). Peer influences on college drinking: A review of the research. Journal of Substance Abuse, 3 (4), 391–424.
Boulton, M.J., & Smith, P.K.(1992). The social nature of play-fighting and play chasing: Mechanisms and strategies underlying cooperation and compromise. In J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides & J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind (pp.429-444). New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cabanac, M. (1971). Physiological role of pleasure. Science, 173, 1103-1107.
Carver, C.S.(2003). Pleasure as a sign you can attend to something else: Placing positive feelings within a general model of affect. Cognition and Emotion, 17, 241–261.
Chayko, M.(2007). The portable community: envisioning and examining mobile social connectedness. International Journal Web Based Communities, 3(4), 373-385.
Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Leeka, J. (1989). Diurnal variation in the positive affects. Motivation and Emotion,13, 205–234.doi:10.1007/BF00995536
Clark, M. S., & Waddell, B. A. (1983). Effects of moods on thoughts about helping, attraction and information acquisition. Social Psychology Quarterly, 46, 31-35.
Cohn, M.A., Fredrickson, B.L., Brown, S.L., Mikels, J.A., & Conway, A.M.(2009). Happiness unpacked: Positive emotions increase life satisfaction by building resilience. Emotion, 9 (3), 361–368.
Coleman, J.S.(1998). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94S, 95–121.
Compton, W.C. (2005). An introduction to positive psychology. New York, NY: Wadsworth Publishing.
Comrey,A.L.(1988). Factor-analytic methods of scale development in personality and clinical psychology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 754-761.
Cornwell, B., Laumann, E.O., & Schumm, L.P. (2008).The social connectedness of older adults: A national profile. American Sociological Review, 73 (2), 185-2003.
Cornwell., E.Y. (2009). Network bridging potential in later life. Journal Aging Health, 21(1),129-154. doi: 10.1177/0898264308328649
Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J.(2000). Evolutionary psychology and the emotions. In M. Lewis & J.M.H. Jones (eds), Handbook of emotions (pp. 91-115) New York, NY: Guilford.
Craig, G.(2004).Citizenship, exclusion and older people. Journal of Social Policy, 33 (1), 95-114.
Crawford, J. R., & Henry, J. D. (2004). The positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS): Construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 245–265.
Cutrona, C. E., & Russel, D. W. (1990). Type of social support, and specific stress: Toward a theory of optimal matching. In B. R. Sarason, I. G. Sarason, & G. R. Pierce. (eds.), Social support: An interactional view (pp. 319-366). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Daneshpour, M. (1998). Muslim families and family therapy. Journa lof Marriage & Family Counseling, 24, 355–368.
Day-Cameron, J. M., Muse, L., Hauenstein, J., Simmons, L., & Correia, C. J. (2009). Alcohol use by undergraduate students on their 21st birthday: Predictors of actual consumption, anticipated consumption, and normative beliefs. Psychology of Addictive Behavior, 23 (4), 695–701.
Derryberry, D., & Tucker, D.M.(1994). Motivating the focus of attention. In P.M.Neidenthai & S. Kitayama (Eds), The hearts eye: Emotional influences in perception and attention (pp. 167-196.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Diener, E. (2009). Assessing well-being. Social Indicators Research ,39, 1-6.
Diener, E., & Emmons, R. A. (1984). The independence of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1105-1117. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.47.5.1105
Diener, E., & Seligman, M.E.P.(2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science, 13 (1), 81-84.
Diener, E., Smith, H., & Fujita, F. (1995). The personality structure of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69 (1), 130-141.
Durkheim, E. (1997). Suicide.Mankato,MN：The Free Press.
Egloff, B., Schmukle, S. C., Burns, L. R., Kohlmann, C. W., & Hock, M. (2003). Facets of dynamic positive affect: Differentiating joy, interest, and activation in the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 528 –540. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.3.528
Einolf, C.J. (2013).Daily spiritual experiences and prosocial behavior. Social Indicators Research, 110 (1), 71-81. Retrieved December 25, 2012, from http://www.springerlink.com/content/06251844k3410144/
Ellison, C. G., & Fan, D. (2008).Daily spiritual experiences and psychological well-being among US adults. Social Indicators Research, 88, 247–271. doi 10.1007/s11205-007-9187-2
Ellison,C. G., & George, L.K.(1994). Religious involvement, social ties, and social support in a southeastern community. Journal for the Scienctific Study of Religion, 33, 46-61.
Emlet,C.A., & Moceri,J.T.(2012). The importance of social connectedness in building age-friendly communities. Journal of Aging Research, 1- 9.doi:10.1155/2012/173247
Ensminger, M.E., Juon, H.S., Lee, R., & Lo, S.Y. (2009). Social connections in the inner city: Examination across the life course. Longit Life Course Study, 1 (1), 11–26.
Erin, Y.C., & Linda, J.W. (2009). Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and health among older adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50 (1), 31-48.
Farran, C, J., Fitchett, G., Quiring-Emblen, D. J., & Burck, J.R. (1989). Model for spiritual assessment and intervention. Journal of Religion and Health, 28 (3), 185-195.
Fernandez, R. M., & Harris, D. (1992). Social isolation and the underclass. In A. V. Harrell & G. E. Peterson (Eds), Drugs, crime, and social isolation: Barriers to urban opportunity (pp. 257-293). Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press.
Fetzer Institute (1999).Multidimensional measurement of religiousness/ spirituality for use in health research. Retrieved December 25, 2012, from http://www.acperesearch.net/Fetzer_Book_extracts.pdf
Fleeson, W., Malanos, A.B., & Achille, N.M.(2002). An intraindividual process approach to the relationship between extraversion and positive affect: Is acting extraverted as “good” as being extraverted? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83 (6), 1409-1422.
Folkman, S. (1997).Positive psychological states and coping with sever stress. Social Science and Medicine,45 (8), 1207-1221.
Fratiglioni, L., Wang, H., Ericsson, K., Maytan, M., & Winblad, B.(2000). Influence of social network on occurrence of dementia: a community-based longitudinal study. Lancet, 15, 1315-1319.
Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2 (3), 300-319.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2000). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being [Special issue]. Prevention and Treatment, 3 (1). Retrieved November 26, 2012, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html
Fredrickson, B. L. (2002).How does religion benefit health and well-being? Are positive emotions active ingredients? Psychological Inquiry, Religion and Psychology ,13 (3), 209-213.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2003).The value of positive emotions. American Scientist, 91, 330-335.
Fredrickson, B. L., & Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires. Cognition and Emotion, 19, 313-332.
Fredrickson, B. L., & Joiner, T. (2002). Positive emotions trigger upward spirals toward emotional well-being. Psychological Science, 13, 172–175.
Fredrickson, B.F., & Carstensen, L. L.(1990). Choosing social partners:How old age and anticipated endings make us more selective. Psychology and Aging, 5, 335-347.
Fredrickson, B.L, Cohn, M.A, Coffey, K.A, Pek,J., & Finkel, S.M.(2008). Open hearts build lives: positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95 (5), 1045–1062.
Fredrickson, B.L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218-226.
Fredrickson, B.L. (2009). Positivity. New York, NY: Crown Publishers.
Fredrickson, B.L., & Cohn, M. A. (2008). Positive emotions. In Barrett, L. F. (ed). Handbook of Emotions. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Fredrickson, B.L., Cohn, M.A., Coffey, K., Pek, J., & Finkel, S.M. (2008).Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions induced through meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95 (5), 1045–1062. doi:10.1037/a0013262.
Frijda, N. H., & Mesquita, B. (1994). The social roles and functions of emotions. In S. Kitayama & H. R. Markus (Eds.), Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influenced (pp. 51-87). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Gable,S.L.,Gonzaga,G.C., & Strachman,A.(2006). Will you be there for me when things go right? Supportive responses to positive event disclosures. Journal of pPrsonality and Social Psychology, 91 (5), 904-917.
Garstensen, L.L., Pasupathi, M., Mayr, U., & Nesselroade, J.R.(2000). Emotional experience in everyday life across the adult life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 644-655.
Genia, V.(1991).The spiritual experience index: A measure of spiritual maturity. Journal of Religion and Health, 30 (4), 337-348.
Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hilsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Griffith, T.D.(2001). The relationship between death awareness and successful aging among older adults ( Doctoral dissertation, The Florida State University). Retrieved November 21, 2012, from books.google.com.tw/books?id=6aKBIQAACAAJ
Griffitt,W. (1970). Environmental effects on interpersonal affective behavior: Ambient effective temperature and attraction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 15, 240-244.
Grof, S. (1976). Realms of the human unconscious: Observations from LSD research. New York: E.P. Dutton. [Adobe Digital Editions version]. Retrieved January 15, 2013,from http://books.google.com.tw/books?id=SVkgAQAAIAAJ&dq=editions%3AISBN0285648829&hl=zh-TW&source=gbs_book_other_versions
Gross, J.J., Carstensen, L.L., Pasupathi, M., Tsai, J., Skorpen, C.G., & Hsu, A.Y. (1997). Emotion and aging: Experience, expression, and control. Psychological Aging, 12(4), 590-599.
Gruenewald, T.L., Mroczek, D.K., Ryff, C.D., & Singer, B.H. (2008). Diverse pathways to positive and negative affect in adulthood and later life: An integrative approach using recursive partitioning. Developmental Psychology, 44 (2), 330-343. doi:10. 1037/0012-1649.4472330
Haines, V.A., & Hurlbert, J.S. (1992). Network range and health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 33, 254-266.
Hawkley, L. C., Burleson, M. H., Berntson, G. G., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2003). Loneliness in everyday life: Cardiovascular activity, psychosocial context, and health behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 105–120.
Hawks, S. (2004). Spiritual wellness, holistic health, and the practice of health education. American Journal of Health Education, 35 (1), 11-16.
Helminiak, D. A. (1987). Spiritual development: An interdisciplinary study. Chicago: Loyola University Press.
Helson, R., & Klohnen, E. C. (1988). Affective coloring of personality from young adulthood to midlife. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24 ( 3) , 241-252. doi: 10.1177/0146167298243002
Hinterkopf, E.(1998). Defining the spiritual experience. Integration spirituality in counseling: a manual for using the experiential focusing method. New York, NY: American Counseling Association.
Holland,J.M., & Neimeyer,R.A.(2005). Reducing the risk of burnout in end-of-life care settings: The role of daily spiritual experiences and training. Palliative and Supportive Care, 3, 173–181. doi:10.10170S1478951505050297
House, J. S., Landis, K. R., & Umberson, D. (1988). Social relationships and health. Science, 241, 540–545.
Hutcherson, C.A., Seppala, E.M., & Gross, J.J. (2008). Loving-kindness meditation increases social connectedness. Emotion, 8 (5), 720–724. doi: 10.1037/a0013237
Institute of Medicine (2003). 2003 Institute of medicine report. Retrieved November 20, 2012, from http://www.himss.org/content/files/vantagepoint/pdf/vantagepoint_0204.pdf
Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (1996). National survey of midlife development in the United States (MIDUS), 1995-1996 (ICPSR 2760). Retrieved November 26, 2012, from http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/2760
Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (2006). National survey of midlife development in the United States (MIDUS II), 2004-2006 (ICPSR 4652). Retrieved November 19, 2012, from http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/4652
Iris, B.M., Amanda, J.S., Allison, S.T., Oliver, P. J., Emilio, F., Frank, H. W., & James J.G. (2011). Don't hide your happiness! Positive emotion dissociation, social connectedness, and psychological functioning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100 (4), 738–748.
Isaacowitz,D. M., & Smith, J. (2003). Positive and negative affect in very old age. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological sciences, 58B (3), 143–152.
Isen, A. M., & Baron, R. A. (1991). Positive affect as a factor in organizational behavior. Research in Organizational Behavior, 13, 1-53.
Isen, A.M. (1987).Positive affect, cognitive processes, and social behavior. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 20, 203–253.
Jameson, K.R.(1993). Touched with fire: Manic-depressive illness and the artistic temperament. New York, NY: The Free Press.
Jeanne, M., Margaret, J.T., Steffany, H., & Susan, J. B.(2008).Daily spiritual experiences of older adults with and without arthritis and the relationship to health outcomes. Arthritis Care & Research, 59 (1), 122-128.
Kalkstein, S., & Tower, R.B. (2009). The daily spiritual experiences scale and well-being: demographic comparisons and scale validation with older Jewish adults and a diverse internet sample. Religion Health, 48, 402-417. doi 10.1007/s10943-008-9203-0
Kearney, M. H. (1998). Truthful self-nurturing: A grounded formal theory of women’s addiction. Qualitative Health Research, 8, 495–512.
Keefe, F. J., Affleck,G., Underwood, L.G. J. Lefebvre, J., Caldwell, D. S., Drew, J., Egert, J., Gibson, J., & Pargament, K. (2001). Living with rheumatoid arthritis: The role of daily spirituality and daily religious and spiritual coping. Journal of Pain, 2 (2), 101-110.
Keyes,C. L. M., & Haidt, J.(eds.)(2003). Flourishing: positive psychology and the life well lived. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Kleinginna, P. R., & Kleinginna, A. M. (1981). A categorized list of emotion definitions, with suggestions for a consensual definition. Motivation and emotion, 5 (4), 345–379.
Kohut, H. (1984). How does analysis cure? New York: International Universities Press.
Kok, B. E., & Fredrickson, B.L. (2010). Upward spirals of the heart: Autonomic flexibility, as indexed by vagal tone, reciprocally and prospectively predicts positive emotions and social connectedness. Biological Psychology, 85, 432–436.
Labbe´, E.E., & Fobes, A. (2010).Evaluating the interplay between spirituality, personality and stress. Apply Psychophysiology Biofeedback, 35, 141–146. doi 10.1007/s10484-009-9119-9
Lamond, A.J., Depp, C.A., Allison, M., Langer, R., Reichstadt, J., Moore, D.J., & Jeste, D.V. (2008). Measurement and predictors of resilience among community-dwelling older women. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43, 148–154.
Lang-Takac, E., & Osterweil, Z. (1992). Separateness and connectedness: Differences between the genders. Sex Roles, 27, 277–289.
Lee, R. M., & Robbins, S. B. (1995). Measuring belongingness: The social connectedness and social assurance scales. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42, 232–241.
Lee, R. M., & Robbins, S. B. (1998). The relationship between social connectedness and anxiety, self-esteem, and social identity. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 338–345.
Lee, R. M., & Robbins, S. B. (2000). Understanding social connectedness in college women and men. Journal of Counseling & Development, 78, 484–491.
Lee, R. M., Draper, M., & Lee, S. (2001). Social connectedness, dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors, and psychological distress: Testing a mediator model. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 310–318.
Lee, R. M., Keough, K. A., & Sexton, J. D. (2002). Social connectedness, social appraisal, and perceived stress in college women and men. Journal of Counseling and Development, 80, 355-361.
Lin, N. (2001). Social capital: A theory of social structure and action. Retrieved October 12, 2012, from http://books.google.com.tw/books?id=fvBzIu5-yuMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Social+capital:+A+theory+of+social+structure+and+action.&hl=zh-TW&sa=X&ei=bZ5EUaumDs6iiAf8voHwAg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA
Lindstrom, M., Moghaddassi, M., Bolin, K., Lindgren, B., & Merlo, J. (2003). Social participation, social capital and daily tobacco smoking: a population-based multilevel analysis in Malmo, Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 31, 444–450.
Loustalot, F., Wyatt, S.B., Sims, M., Ellison,C.G., Taylor, H.A., & Underwood, L.,(2011). Psychometric testing of the daily spiritual experiences scale among African. Journal of Religion & Health, 50 (3), 675-685. doi: 10.1007/s10943-009--278-2
Luacs,R.E., Diener,E., & Larsen,R.F.(2003). Measuring positive emotions. In S.J. Lopez (Ed.), Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures (pp. 201-218). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Lucas, R.E. (2007).Using structural equation models to validate measures of positive emotions. In A.D. Ong, & M.H.M. Van-Dulmen (Eds.), Oxford handbook of methods in positive psychology (pp. 111-125). New York, NY : Oxford University Press Inc.
Marinier, R. (2006). Towards a unified theory of emotion and cognition. Thesis Proposal presented February 21 at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, M.I. Retrieved December 15, 2012, from http://sitemaker.umich.edu/marinier/files/Marinier_ThesisProposal.pdf
Martens, M. P., Dams-O’Connor, K., & Beck, N. C. (2006). A systematic review of college student-athlete drinking: Prevalence rates, sports-related factors, and interventions. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 3, 305–316.
Maselko,J., & Kubzansky, L.D.(2006). Gender differences in religious practices, spiritual experiences and health: Results from the US General Social Survey. Social Science & Medicine, 62, 2848–2860.
Mather, M., & Knight, M.(2005). Goal-directed memory: the role of cognitive control in older adults’ emotional memory. Psychology and Aging, 20 (4), 554–570. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.20.4.554
Maton, K. I., Hrabowski, F. A., III, & Greif, G. L. (1998). Preparing the way: A qualitative study of high-achieving African American males and the role of the family. American Journal of Community Psychology, 26, 639–668.
McCauley, J., Tarpley, M. J., Haaz, S., & Bartlett, S. J. (2008). Daily spiritual experiences of older adults with and without arthritis and the relationship to health outcomes. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 59, 122–128. doi: 10.1002/art.23246
McFadden, S. (1996). Religion and spirituality. In J. E. Birren (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Gerontology (Vol. 2, pp. 387–397). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
McNeill, J. J. (1988). The church and the homosexual. Boston: Beacon Press.
McPherson, J. M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Brashears, M.E.(2006). Social isolation in America: changes in core discusssion networks over two decades. American Sociological Review, 71, 353–75.
Melinda, A. S., Amber, L. B., Mary, E. C., John, P. J., Laura, L.P., Catherine, R. B., Darrell, Z., James, W. L., & Jeffrey, A. C.(2010). Older adults’ preferences for religion/spirituality in treatment for anxiety and depression. Aging & Mental Health, 15 (3), 334–343.
Ministry of Social Development (2005). The social report. Retrieved January 3, 2013, from http://www.socialreport.msd.govt.nz/2005/index.html
Ministry of Social Development (2010). The social report. Retrieved January 3, 2013, from http://socialreport.msd.govt.nz/documents/the-social-report-2010.pdf
Minnesota Department of Health (2010). Social connectedness- evaluating the healthy people 2020 framework: The Minnesota project. Retrieved January 3, 2013, from http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/cfh/ophp/resources/docs/socialconnectedness.pdf
Moberg, D. O. (2008). Spirituality and aging: research and implications. Journal of Religion, Spirituality and Aging, 20 (1-2), 95-134.
Moberg, D.O. (2001). The spiritual life review. In D.O. Moberg (Ed.), Aging and spirituality: Spiritual dimensions of aging theory, research, practice, and policy (pp. 159-176). New York, NY: The Haworth Pastoral Press.
Moen, P., Dempster-McClain, D., & Williams, R. M. (1992). Successful aging: a life-course perspective on women’s multiple roles and health. American Journal of Sociology, 97(1), 612–638.
Montross, L.P., Depp, C., Daly, J., Reichstadt, J.,Golshan, S., Moore, D., & Jeste, D.V. (2006). Correlates of self-rated successful aging among community-dwelling older adults. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 43–51.
Mor-Barak, M.E., Scharlach, A.E., Birba, L., & Sokolov, J. (1992) Employment, social networks, and health in the retirement years. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 35, 145–159. doi:10.2190/TVEV-FU7E-NE33-TKYC.
Morris, W.N.(1999). The mood system. In D. Kahneman & E Diener (Eds.), Well being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp169-189). New York, NY: Russell Sage.
Mroczek, D. K., & Kolarz, C. M. (1998). The effect of age on positive and negative affect: A developmental perspective on happiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1333–1349.
Mueller, P.S., Plevak, D.J., & Rummans,T. A.(2001).Religious involvement, spirituality, and medicine:Implications for clinical practice. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 76 (12), 1225-1235.
Myers, D. G. (1999). Close relationships and quality of life. In D.Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-Being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 374-380). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Myers, D. G. (2000). The funds, friends, and faith of happy people. American Psychologist, 55, 56-67.
Neumark-Sztainer, D., Story, M., French, S. A., & Resnick, M. D. (1997). Psychosocial correlates of health compromising behaviors among adolescents. Health Education Research, 12, 37–52.
Newcomb, M. D. (1990). Social support by many other names: Toward a unified conceptualization. Journal of Social & Personal Relationships, 7, 479–494.
Ng,S.M.,Ted, Fong,T. C. T.,Tsui,E. Y. L.,Au-Yeung,F.S. W., & Law, S.K. W.(2009). Validation of the Chinese version of Underwood’s daily spiritual experience scale—transcending cultural boundaries? International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16, 91–97. doi 10.1007/s12529-009-9045-5
Ong, A. D., Bergeman, C. S., & Bisconti, T. L. (2004). The role of daily positive emotions during conjugal bereavement. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 59B, 158–167.
Ong, A.D., & Allaire, J.C., (2005).Cardiovascular intraindividual variability in later life: The influence of social connectedness and positive emotions. Psychology and Aging, 20 (3), 476–485.
Ostir, G.V., Berges, I., Ottenbacher, M., Graham, J., & Ottenbacher, K. J. (2008). Positive emotion following a stroke. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 40 (6), 477–481.
Oswald, F., Jopp, D., Rott, C., & Wahl, H. (2011). Is aging in place a resource for or risk to life satisfaction? Gerontologist, 51(2), 238–250.
Pargament,K.I.(1997).The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research and practice. NY: Guilford Publication.
Pavot, W.(2008). The assessment of subjective well-being: Success and shortfalls In Eid. M. & Laser, R.J. (Ed). The Science of Subjective Well-being(pp.124-140). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
Perkins, H. W. (2002). Social norms and the prevention of alcohol misuse in collegiate contexts. Journal of Studies on Alcohol Supplement, 14, 164–172.
Phares, V. (1993). Father absence, mother love, and other family issues that need to be questioned: Comment on Silverstein (1993). Journal of Family Psychology, 7, 293–300.
Phillips, L. H., Henry, J.D., Hosie, J.A., & Milne, A. B. (2008). Effective regulation of the experience and expression of negative affect in old age. Journal of Gerontology: psychological science, 63B (3), 138–145.
Portes, A. (1998). Social capital: its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 1–24.
Purdy, M., & Dupey, P. (2005). Holistic flow model of spiritual wellness. Counseling and Values, 49 (2), 95-106.
Repetti, R.L., Taylor, S., & Seeman, T. (2002). Risky families: family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring. Psychology Bulletin, 128, 330–366.
Rettie, R.M., (2003, October). Connectedness, awareness and social presence. Paper presented at the 6th Annual International Workshop on Presence, Aalborg University , Denmark. Retrieved January 12, 2013, from http://www.temple.edu/ispr/prev_conferences/proceedings/2003/all.pdf
Ritter, K.Y., & O’Neill, C.W. (1989). Moving through loss: The spiritual journey of gay men and lesbian women. Journal of Counseling and Development, 68 (1), 9-15.
Roof, W. C. (1999). Spiritual marketplace: Baby boomers and the remaking of American religion. New Jersey, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Rook, K.S.(1990).Social relationships as a source of companionship: Implications for olderadults psychological wellbeing. In B.R. Sarason, I.G. Sarason, & R.P. Gregory (Eds.). Social support: An interactional view (pp. 219-250). New York, NY:John Wiley.
Roscoe, J. T. (1975).Fundamental research statistics for the behavioral sciences. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Rosen, W. B. (1999). Moments of truth: Notes from a lesbian therapist. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 69, 293–308.
Rosenberg, E.L. (1998). Levels of analysis and the organization of affect. Review of General Psychology, 2 (3), 247-270.
Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L.(1998). Successful aging. New York: Dell publishing.
Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161-1178.
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, L. (1995). The Structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69 (4), 719-727.
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (1998). The contours of positive human health. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 1–28.
Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1993). Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life. Harvard University Press .
Scharf, T., Phillipson, C., Kingston, P., Smith, A.E.(2001). Social exclusion and older people: exploring the connections. Education and Ageing, 16(3), 303–320.
Scharf,T., Phillipson, C. & Smith, A.E. (2004). Poverty and social exclusion—growing older in deprived social neighborhoods. In A. Walker, C.H. Hennessy (eds), Growing Older: Quality of Life in Old Age (pp. 81-106). Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press.
Schulte, M. T., Ramo, D., & Brown, S. A. (2009). Gender differences in factors influencing alcohol use and drinking progression among adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review, 29 (6), 535–547.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authenitc happiness. New York, NY: Free Press.
Seligman, M.E.P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive Psychology: An Introduction. American psychologist, 55, 5-14.
Shapiro, A.M., Roberts, J. E., & Beck, J. G. (1999). Differentiating symptoms of anxiety and depression in older adults: Distinct cognitive and affective profiles? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 23 (1), 53-74.
Shaw, B.A., Krause, N., Liang, J., & Bennett, J. (2007). Tracking changes in social relations throughout late life. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 62B, S90–S99.
Sherman, A. C., & Plante, T. G. (2001). Conclusions and future directions for research on faith and health. In Sherman. Plante (Ed.), Faith and health: Psychological perspectives. NY: Guilford Press.
Skarupski,K.A., Fitchett,G., Evans,D.A., & Leon,C.F.M.(2010). Daily spiritual experiences in a biracial, community-based population of older adults. Aging Ment Health,14 (7),779–789. doi:10.1080/13607861003713265
Smith, T.W. (2005).Spiritual and religious transformations in America:The national spiritual transformation study. Retrieved January 3, 2013, from National opinion research center, University of Chicago website: http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/05/121305.norc.pdf
Speck, P. (2004). Spiritual needs in health care. Britain Medical Journal, 329 (7458), 123-124.
The Joanna Briggs Institute (2009). The psychosocial spiritual experience of elderly individuals recovering from stroke. Best Practice, 13 (6), 25-28.
Thoits, P. A. (1986). Social support as coping assistance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54(4), 416-423.
Thoits, P.A.(1992). Identity structures and psychological well-being: Gender and marital status comparisons? Social Psychology Quarterly, 55, 236–256.
Thoresen, C. E., & Harris, A. H. S. (2002). Spirituality and health: What’s the evidence and what’s needed? Society of Behavioral Medicine, 24 (1), 1-11.
Timpone, R. J. (1998). Ties that bind: Measurement, demographics, and social connectedness. Political Behavior, 20, 53–77.
Tisdell, E. J.(2008). Spirituality and adult learning. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education,199, 27-36. doi: 10.1002/ace.303
Troll, L. E. (1994). Family connectedness of old women: Attachment in later life. In B. F. Turner & L. E. Troll (Eds.), Women growing older: Psychological perspectives (pp. 169–201). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Uchino, B. N., Cacioppo, J. T., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (1996). The relationship between social support and physiological processes: A review with emphasis on underlying mechanisms and implications for health. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 488–531.
Uchino, B.N. (2004). Social support and physical health: understanding the health consequences of relationships. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.
Umberson, D. (1987). Family status and health behaviors: social control as a dimension of social integration. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 28 (3), 306–319.
Underwood, L.G. (2002). The human experience of compassionate love: Conceptual mapping and data from selected studies. In S.G. Post, L.G. Underwood, J.P. Schloss, W.B. Hurlbut (eds.), Altruism and altruistic love: Science,religion and philosophy in Dialogue (pp. 72-88). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Underwood, L.G. (2006). Ordinary spiritual experience: Qualitative research, interpretive guidelines, and population distribution for the daily spiritual experience scale. Psychology of Religion, 28 (1), 181-218.
Underwood, L.G. (2011).The daily spiritual experience scale: Overview and results. Religions, 2, 29-50. doi:10.3390/rel2010029
Underwood, L.G., & Teresi, J. A. (2002). The daily spiritual experience scale: Development, theoretical description, reliability, exploratory factor analysis, and preliminary construct validity using health-related data. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24, 22–34.
Vahia, I.V., Depp, C.A., Palmer, B.W., Fellows, I., Golshan, S., Thompson, W.K., Allison, M., & Jeste, D.V. (2011). Aging & mental health, 15 (1), 97–102.
Vahia, I.V., Meeks, T.W., Thompson, W.K., Depp, C.A., Zisook, S., Allison, M., & Jeste, D.V. (2010). Subsyndromal depression and successful aging in older women. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 212–220.
Waston, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
Watkins,D. R. (2009). Spiritual formation of older persons. Journal of Religion, Spiriuality & Aging, 20, 7-16.
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1994). Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule – Expanded (Report 8-1999). Retrieved November 26, 2012, from University of Iowa website: http://ir.uiowa.edu/psychology pubs/11
Watson, D., & Clark, L.A. (1999). The PANAS-X: Manual for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded Form. Retrieved November 26, 2012, from Iowa Research Online: http://ir.uiowa.edu/psychology_pubs/11/
Watson, J. (1989). Watson’s philosophy and theory of human caring in nursing. In J. Riehl-Sisca (Ed.), Conceptual models for nursing practice (3rd ed.; pp. 219-236). Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange.
Waugh, C. E., & Fredrickson, B.L. (2006). Nice to know you: Positive emotions, self-other overlap, and complex understanding in the formation of a new relationship. Journal of Positive Psychology, 1, 93–106.
Whitehead, B. R., & Bergeman, C. S. (2011). Coping with daily stress: differential role of spiritual experience on daily positive and negative affect. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 10, 1093-1097.
Wilding, C.(2007). Spirituality a sustenance for mental health and meaningful doing:A case illustration. The medical Journal of Australia, 186, 57-59.
Wilson, K., & Gullone, E. (1999). The relationsbip between personality and affect over the lifespan. Personality and Individual Differences, 27 (3), 1141-1156.
Wink, P., & Dillon, M. (2008). Religiousness, spirituality, and psychosocial functioning in late adulthood: Findings from a longitudinal study. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, S, (1), 102–115. doi: 10.1037/1941-1022.S.1.102.0
Wolf, E. (1988). Treating the self: Elements of clinical self psychology. New York: Guilford Press.
Zinnbauer, B. J., & Pargament, K. I. (2002). Capturing the meanings of religiousness and spirituality: One way down from a definitional tower of babel. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 13, 23-54.