In 1992, Chiu Kun-Liang 邱坤良 first reviewed studies of Taiwan’s classical theatre during the colonial period in his Jiuju yu xinju—Rizhi shiqi Taiwan xiju zhi yanjiu舊劇與新劇—日治時期臺灣戲劇之研究 (Old Theatre and New Theatre—A Study of Taiwanese Theatre in Japanese Colonial Period). However, this history has hardly ever been considered by others after him. During the Qing rule, there was no so-called modern theatre study in Taiwan. In the Japanese colonial period, Japanese introduced modern approaches to document, describe, categorize and study local Taiwanese theatrical activities systematically. In order to rule effectively, the colonizers had to understand the nature and culture of the island. The local theatre was an important activity, and therefore it also became an object for the colonizers to investigate. Over the colonial period, Japanese continually studied Taiwanese classical theatre. Even in the war time and kominka period, the research was not interrupted. Researchers of the local theatre were mainly officers of the colonial government, such as translators in courthouses and police officers. They were on the front line of the colonial government and were usually in direct contact with local people. Besides, some Taiwanese who had received modern Japanese education employed Japanese to record the local theatre. When they used a new language taught by the colonizers, they also adopted a new viewpoint and a new approach to review and reevaluate their own cultural tradition. After about 40 years of investigation and recording, a concept of“Taiwanese classical theatre,”a system of modern research approaches and a framework of the local theatre knowledge were finally established. This concept is broadly accepted in Taiwan nowadays, but the origin is unknown. Tracing its origin will help us understand the background why the local Taiwanese theatre was studied, categorized and defined in a modern way, and how it was deeply connected with the colonial history. It further responds to the relationship between modernity and colonialism in Taiwan. Therefore, this topic is also important to the study of Taiwanese history and culture.