:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
題名:音樂要素與聆賞者因素對聆賞情緒之影響研究
作者:黃靜芳
作者(外文):Huang, Ching-Fang
校院名稱:國立臺灣師範大學
系所名稱:音樂學系
指導教授:林小玉
林世華
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2009
主題關鍵詞:聆賞情緒音樂要素聆賞者因素調性速度力度listening emotionsmusical elementslisteners’ factorstonalitytempodynamics
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(2) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:0
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:45
本研究旨在探究音樂要素與聆賞者因素對聆賞情緒的影響,以大學生為研究對象,採用兩個研究的「解釋型」混合研究方法設計,此兩個研究分別都以量化的問卷調查為主,質性的訪談調查為輔。問卷調查的自變項為音樂要素的調性、速度與力度,以及聆賞者因素的性別與音樂訓練;依變項為聆賞情緒,包含正負向情緒與激發情緒兩個向度,以及Hevner形容詞週期情緒;並將樂曲熟悉度視為控制變項,以排除其對聆賞情緒的影響。
研究一問卷調查的音樂設計為兩首創作曲音樂要素的操弄,使其成為調性(大調與小調)× 速度(快與慢)× 力度(強與弱)八種組合的16首樂曲;研究二問卷調查的音樂設計則是選取16首具備調性、速度、力度三項音樂要素特色之真實曲,以增強本研究結果之外推效度;訪談調查進一步詢問研究對象聆賞情緒的相關問題,以收集更豐富的解釋資料。根據研究目的與方法,本研究提出下列四項結論:
一、在聆賞者的正負向情緒上,音樂要素「調性」與「速度」兩項單因子對聆賞者正負向情緒都具有顯著的影響,大調較小調易喚起正向的情緒,快速較慢速易喚起正向的情緒。至於其它因子主要效果或交互作用效果對聆賞者正負向情緒的影響,顯示「力度」、「性別」、「性別×調性」、「音樂訓練」、「音樂訓練×調性」、「音樂訓練×速度」、「音樂訓練×力度」、「音樂訓練×速度×力度」、「音樂訓練×調性×力度」對聆賞者的正負向情緒會產生顯著影響,但主要表現於研究一的創作曲中;「調性×力度」、「調性×速度」、「速度×力度」對聆賞者正負向情緒會產生顯著影響,但主要表現於研究二的真實曲,此部分於本研究中尚未獲得一致性的結果。
二、在聆賞者的激發情緒上,音樂要素「速度」與「力度」兩項單因子對聆賞者激發情緒都具有顯著的影響,快速較慢速易喚起高激發的情緒,力度強較力度弱易喚起高激發的情緒;而「調性」單因子對聆賞者的激發情緒並無顯著影響,大調與小調並不會喚起顯著不同的激發情緒。至於其它因子主要效果或交互作用效果對聆賞者激發情緒的影響,顯示「性別×調性」、「性別×速度」、「性別×力度」、「音樂訓練」、「音樂訓練×調性」、「音樂訓練×速度」對聆賞者的激發情緒會產生顯著影響,但主要表現於研究一的創作曲;「速度×力度」、「性別」對聆賞者的激發情緒會產生顯著影響,但主要表現於研究二的真實曲,此部分於本研究中尚未獲得一致性的結果。
三、在Hevner的形容詞週期情緒上,本研究提出下列八項發現:(1)大調、快速與力度強主要產生「F快樂的」、「G激動的」、「H有活力的」這三類情緒;(2)大調、慢速與力度弱主要喚起「D平靜的」這類情緒;(3)小調、快速與力度弱主要喚起「E幽默的」、「G激動的」這兩類情緒;(4)小調、慢速與力度強主要喚起「B悲傷的」、「G激動的」這兩類情緒;(5)小調、慢速與力度弱最常喚起「B悲傷的」這類情緒;(6)小調、快速與力度強主要產生「G激動的」這類情緒;(7)大調、慢速與力度強最常喚起「D平靜的」與「A嚴肅的」這兩類情緒;(8)大調、快速與力度弱主要產生「F快樂的」與「E幽默的」這兩類情緒。
四、在影響聆賞情緒的其它可能因素上,有關音樂要素與聆賞者因素的施測過程中,受訪者指出影響聆賞情緒的其它可能因素尚包含:測驗內容、施測環境、樂曲熟悉度與喜愛度、樂曲聆賞順序;至於個人音樂經驗中,影響聆賞情緒的可能因素除了調性、速度、力度與三個音樂要素組合外,受訪者認為尚包括:其它音樂要素、音樂要素的變化過程、個人當下心情、樂曲熟悉度、音樂訓練、演奏家詮釋風格、聆賞環境。
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of musical elements and listeners’ factors on listening emotions. Subjects were all undergraduate students. Two studies of “explanatory” mixed methods research designs were adopted; among them, questionnaire survey of quantitative approach had greater priority and weight than interview survey of qualitative approach. In questionnaire survey, the independent variables were musical elements of tonality, tempo and dynamics, as well as listeners’ factors of gender and musical training. The dependent variables were listening emotions, including positive-negative emotion, arousal emotion and Hevner’s adjective circle emotion. Familiarity with music excerpts was regarded as the controlling variable in order to exclude its effect.
The first study of questionnaire survey manipulated two compositions to 16 versions, each composition including 8 combinations: tonality (major and minor) × tempo (fast and slow) × dynamic (loud and soft). In the second study, 16 real music excerpts were chosen to represent the characteristics of combinations of tonality, tempo and dynamics in order to increase the external validity of study results. Moreover, in interview survey, researcher inquired about the related questions of listening emotions to collect more explanatory data. According to research purpose and method, this study came up with the following four conclusions.
The first conclusion was about the listeners’ positive-negative emotion. Musical elements of tonality and tempo caused significant influences on listeners’ positive-negative emotion. Music in major key aroused more positive emotion than that in minor key, and fast tempo produced more positive emotion than slow tempo. Concerning other main effects and interaction effects, this research found that dynamics, gender, gender × tonality, music training, music training × tonality, music training × tempo, music training × dynamics, music training × tempo × dynamics, and music training × tonality × dynamics had significant influences on listeners’ positive-negative emotion, but they only revealed in compositions of the first study. Besides, tonality × dynamics, tonality × tempo, and tempo × dynamics had significant influences on listeners’ positive-negative emotion, but they only revealed in real excerpts of the second study. There seemed to show no consistent results in this aspect.
The second conclusion had to do with the listeners’ arousal emotion. Musical elements of tempo and dynamics caused significant influences on listeners’ arousal emotion. Fast music produced higher arousal emotion than slow music, and loud dynamics produced higher arousal emotion than soft dynamics. But musical elements of tonality had no significant difference on listeners’ arousal emotion. The tonality of major and minor key did not cause significantly different arousal emotion among listeners. Regarding to other main effects and interaction effects, this research found that gender × tonality, gender × tempo, gender × dynamics, music training, music training × tonality, and music training × tempo had significant influences on listeners’ arousal emotion, but they only revealed in compositions of the first study. Besides, tempo × dynamics and gender had significant influences on listeners’ arousal emotion, but they only revealed in real excerpts of the second study. There seemed to show no consistent results in this aspect.
The third conclusion was related to Hevner’s adjective circle emotion. Eight findings were presented as follows : (1) Major, fast, and loud music mostly produced emotions of F-happy, G-agitated, and H-vigorous; (2) Major, slow, and soft music mostly produced emotion of D-calm; (3) Minor, fast, and soft music mostly produced emotions of E-humorous and G-agitated; (4) Minor, slow, and loud music mostly produced emotions of B-sad and G-agitated; (5) Minor, slow, and soft music mostly produced emotion of B-sad; (6) Minor, fast, and loud music mostly produced emotion of G-agitated; (7) Major, slow, and loud music mostly produced emotions of D-calm and A-serious; (8) Major, fast, and soft music mostly produced emotions of F-happy and E-humorous.
The fourth conclusion was about other possible factors influencing listening emotions. The researcher proposed two aspects of factors. One was about the test process of musical elements and listening factors influencing listening emotions, by which the researcher meant that the interviewees revealed the influencing factors included: test content, test environment, familiarity with and liking to music excerpts, and order of music excerpts in listening. The other was about individual listening experience, and the interviewees thought the influencing factors included: other musical elements, the changing process of musical elements, individuals’ mood on the spot, familiarity with music excerpts, musical training, interpreting style of performers, listening environment.
壹、中文部分
王文科、王智弘(2008)。教育研究法。台北:五南。new window
方銘健(1997)。藝術、音樂情感與意義。台北:全音。
宋婉萍(1998)。大學生音樂偏好、人格特質、與創造力之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
李毓娟、吳靜吉、郭俊賢、王文中(1997)。臺灣大學生心情的自我調適:心情不佳時的調適策略及其相關因素。政大學報,75,173-206。
林宜家(2006)。國中生歌唱學習經驗與情緒調節相關性之研究。國立臺灣師範大學音樂研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
林清山(2000)。實驗研究法。載於黃光雄、簡茂發(主編),教育研究法(頁309-340)。台北:師大書苑。
林新發(2000)。調查研究法。載於黃光雄、簡茂發(主編),教育研究法(頁255-289)。台北:師大書苑。
姚世澤(2000)。音樂教育與音樂行為。台北:師大書苑。
郭生玉(1999)。心理與教育測驗。台北:精華。
教育部統計處(2008)。大專院校概況。2008年11月26日,取自  http://www.edu.tw/statistics/content.aspx?site_content_sn=8956
張春興(1997)。教育心理學。台北:東華。
張春興(2006)。張氏心理學辭典。台北:東華。
陳曉雰(2002)。藝術與人文-以音樂實踐美感教育。美育,128,31- 40。
郭靜晃(2007)。社會行為研究法。台北:洪葉。
鈕文英(2007)。教育研究方法與論文寫作。台北:雙葉。
黃靜芳、吳舜文(2007)。大學生音樂選曲與情緒反應之相關研究。國際藝術教育學刊,5(1),33-70。new window
黃靜芳、林小玉(2009)。大學生人格特質、音樂偏好與聆賞情緒之相關研究。藝術研究期刊,5,181-202。new window
葛樹人(1996)。心理測驗學。台北:桂冠。
鄭心怡(2007)。台南地區老年人音樂偏好與聆聽音樂之生理反應。國立台南大學音樂研究所碩士論文,未出版,台南。
蔡秀玲、楊智馨 (1999)。情緒管理。台北:楊智。
潘慧玲(主編)(2006)。教育研究的取徑:概念與應用。台北:高等教育。
謝婉如(1991)。音樂科情意教學與國中生情緒之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學音樂研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
蘇郁惠(2005)。青少年流行音樂偏好、態度與音樂環境之相關研究。藝術教育研究,9,1-32。

貳、西文部分
Abeles, H. F., & Chung, J. W. (1996). Responses to music. In D. A. Hodges (Ed.), Handbook of music psychology (pp. 285-342). Saint Louis, MI: MMB Music.
Ali, S. O., & Peynircioglu, Z. F. (2006). Songs and emotions: Are lyrics and melodies equal partners? Psychology of Music, 34, 511-534.
Bartlett, D. L. (1973). Effect of repeated listenings on structural discrimination and affective response. Journal of Research in Music Education, 21(4), 302-317.
Berg, B. L. (2007). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences (6th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Boardman, E., Andress, B., Pautz, M. P., & Willman, R. (1998). Music: Teachers edition. New York: Holt, Rinehard and Winston.
Boyle, J. D., & Radocy, R. E. (1987). Measurement and evaluation of music experience. New York: Schirmer Books.
Collier, G. L. (2007). Beyond valence and activity in the emotional connotation of music. Psychology of Music, 35(1), 110-131.
Creswell, J. W. (2008). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle Creek, NJ: Pearson Education.
Crozier, W. R. (1997). Music and social influence. In D. J. Hargreaves & A. C. North (Eds.), The social psychology of music (pp. 67-83). New York: Oxford University.
DeNora, T. (2001). Aesthetic agency and musical practice: New directions in the sociology of music and emotion. In P. N. Juslin & J. A. Sloboda (Eds.), Music and emotion: Theory and research (pp. 161-180). New York: Oxford University.
Farina, F. (2008). The drawing and the perception of emotions in music in preschool-age children: An exploratory study. Paper presented at the 28th ISME world conference (abstract), University of Bologna, Italy.
Fredrickson, W. E. (1997). Elementary, middle, and high school student perceptions of tension in music. Journal of Research in Music Education, 45(4), 626-635.
Fritz, T., Jentschke, S.,Gosselin, N., Sammler, D., Peretz, I., Turner, R., Friederici, A. D., & Koelsch, S. (2009). Universal recognition of three basic emotions in music. Current Biology, 19, 573-576.
Fung, C. V. (1996). Musicians’ and nonmusicians’ preference for world musics: Relation to musical characteristics and familiarity. Journal of Research in Music Education, 44(1), 60-83.
Gabrielsson, A. (2001). Emotions in strong experiences with music. In P. N. Juslin & J. A. Sloboda (Eds.), Music and emotion: Theory and research (pp.431-449). New York: Oxford University.
Gabrielsson, A., & Lindström, E. (2001). The influence of musical structure on emotional expression. In P. N. Juslin & J. A. Sloboda (Eds.), Music and emotion: Theory and research (pp. 223-248). New York: Oxford University.
Gagnon, L., & Peretz, I. (2003). Mode and tempo relative contributions to “happy-sad” judgments in equitone melodies. Cognition and Emotion, 17(1), 25-40.
Gerardi, G. M., & Gerken, L. (1995). The development of affective responses to modality and melodic contour. Music Perception, 12(3), 279-290.
Geringer, J. M., Madsen, C. K., & Gregory, D. (2004). A fifteen-year history of the Continuous Response Digital Interface: Issues relating to validity and reliability. Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, 160, 1-15.
Gomez, P., & Danuser, B. (2007). Relationship between musical structure and psychophysiological measures of emotion. Emotion, 7(2), 377-387.
Gregory, D. (2008). 2D-CRDI software. Retrieved June 17, 2008, from http://mailer.fsu.edu/~ekawaguchi/CRDI/2DCRDISoft.html
Grewe, O., Nagel, F., Kopiez, R., & Altenmuller, E. (2007). Listening to music as a pre-creative process: Physiological, psychological, and psychoacoustical correlates of chills and strong emotions. Music Perception, 24(3), 297-314.
Guhn, M. G., Hamm, A., & Zentner, M. (2007). Physiological and music-acoustic correlates of the chill response. Music Perception, 24(5), 473-483.
Hanson, W. E., Piano Clark, V. L., Petaka, K. S., Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2005). Mixed methods research designs in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(2), 224-235.
Hargreaves, D. J. (1984). The effects of repetition on liking for music. Journal of Research in Music Education, 32(1), 35-47.
Heppner, P. P., Wampold, B. E., & Kivlighan, D. M. (2008). Research design in counseling (3rd ed.). San Francisco: Thomson Brook/Cole.
Hevner, K. (1935). The affective character of major and minor modes in music. The American Journal of Psychology, 47(1), 103-118.
Hevner, K. (1936). Experimental studies of the elements of expression in music. The American Journal of Psychology, 48(2), 246-268.
Hevner, K. (1937). The affective value of pitch and tempo in music. The American Journal of Psychology, 49(4), 621-630.
Huron, D. (2008). Lost in music. Nature, 453, 456-457.
Husain, G., Thompson, W. F., & Schellenberg, E. G. (2002). Effects of musical tempo and mode on arousal, mood, and spatial abilities. Music Perception, 20(2), 151-171.
Juslin, P. N., & Laukka, P. (2004). Expression, perception, and induction of emotions: A review and a questionnaire study of everyday listening. Journal of New Music Research, 33(3), 217-238.
Juslin, P. N., & Lindström, E. (2003). Musical expression of emotions: Modeling composed and performance features. Paper presented at the 5th Triennial ESCOM conference (abstract), Hanover University of music and drama, Germany.
Kamenetsky, S. B., Hill, D. S., & Trehub, S. E. (1997). Effect of tempo and dynamics on the perception of emotion in music. Psychology of Music, 25(2), 149-160.
Kastner, M. P., & Crowder, R. G. (1990). Perception of the major/minor distinction: Ⅳ. Emotional connotation in young children. Music Perception, 8(2), 189-201.
Kellaris, J., & Kent, R. (1994). An exploratory investigation of responses elicited by music varying in tempo, tonality, and texture. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 2(4), 381-401.
Krugman, H. E. (1943). Affective response to music as a function of familiarity. Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 38, 388-392.
Krumhansl, C. L. (2002). Music: A link between cognition and emotion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(2), 45-50.
Livingstone, S. R., Mühlberger, R., Brown, A. R., & Loch, A. (2007). Controlling musical emotionality: An affective computational architecture for influencing musical emotions. Digital Creativity, 18(1), 43-53.
Lychner, J. A. (1998). An empirical study concerning terminology relating to aesthetic response to music. Journal of Research in Music Education, 46(2), 303-319.
Madson, C. K. (1997). Focus of attention and aesthetic response. Journal of Research in Music Education, 45(1), 80-89.
Madson, C. K. (1998). Emotion versus tension in Haydn’s Symphony no. 104 as measured by the two-dimensional continuous response digital interface. Journal of Research in Music Education, 46(4), 546-554.
Madsen, C. K., Brittion, R. V., & Capperella-Sheldon, D. A. (1993). An empirical method for measuring the aesthetic experience to music. Journal of Research in Music Education, 41(1), 57-69.
Madson, C. K., Geringer, J. M., & Fredrickson, W. E. (1997). Focus of attention to musical elements in Haydn’s symphony #104. Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, 133, 57-63.
Maxwell, J. A. (2005). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
McCulloch, R. (1999). Modality and children’s affective responses to music. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from http://www.mus.cam.ac.uk/%7Eic108/PandP/McCulloch99/McCulloch99.html
North, A. C., & Hargreaves, D. J. (1997). Liking, arousal, and the emotions expressed by music. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 38, 45-53.
Orini, M., Bailón, R., Enk, R., Koelsch, S., Mainardi, L., & Laguna, P. (2010). A method for continuously assessing the autonomic response to music-induced emotions through HRV analysis. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 48, 423-433.
Peretz, I. (2001). Listen to the brain: A biological perspective on musical emotions. In P. N. Juslin & J. A. Sloboda (Eds.), Music and emotion: Theory and research (pp.105-134). New York: Oxford University.
Phelps, R. P., Ferrara, L., & Goolsby, T. W. (1993). A guide to research in music education (4th ed.). London: The Scarecrow.
Radocy, R. E., & Boyle, J. D. (2003). Psychological foundations of musical behavior(4th ed.). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
Rea, C., McDonald, P., & Carnes, G. (2010). Listening to classical, pop, and mental music: An investigation of mood. Emporia State Research Studies, 46(1), 1-3.
Reimer, B. (1989). A philosophy of music education (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Reimer, B. (2005). New brain research on emotion and feeling: Dramatic implications for music education. The International Journal of Arts Education, 3(1), 8-36.
Ritossa, D. A., & Rickard, N. S. (2004).The relative utility of ‘pleasantness’ and ‘liking’ dimensions in predicting the emotions expressed by music. Psychology of Music, 32(1), 5-22.
Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161-78.
Scherer, K. R. (2001). Continuous measurement of self-report emotional response to music. In P. N. Juslin & J. A. Sloboda (Eds.), Music and emotion: Theory and research (pp. 393-414). New York: Oxford University.
Scherer, K. R., & Zentner, M. R. (2001). Emotional effects of music: Production rules. In P. N. Juslin & J. A. Sloboda (Eds.), Music and emotion: Theory and research (pp. 223-248). New York: Oxford University.
Schubert, E. (1996). Enjoyment of negative emotion in music: An associative network explanation. Psychology of Music, 24, 18-28.
Schubert, E. (1999). Measuring emotion continuously: Validity and reliability of the two-dimensional emotion space. Australian Journal of Psychology, 51(3), 154-165.
Schubert, E. (2001). Continuous measurement of self-report emotional response to music. In P. N. Juslin & J. A. Sloboda (Eds.), Music and emotion: Theory and research (pp. 393-414). New York: Oxford University.
Schubert, E. (2007). The influence of emotions, locus of emotion and familiarity upon preference in music. Psychology of Music, 35(3), 499-515.
Sloboda, J. A. (1991). Music structure and emotional responses: Some empirical findings. Psychology of Music, 19, 110-120.
Sloboda, J. A., & Juslin, P. N. (2001). Psychological perspectives on music and emotion. In P. N. Juslin & J. A. Sloboda (Eds.), Music and emotion: Theory and research (pp.71-104). New York: Oxford University.
Sutherland, M. E., Grewe, O., Egermann, H., Nagel, F., Kopiez, R., & Altenmüller, E. (2009). The influence of social situations on music listening. The Neurosciences and Music III-Disorders and Plasticity: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1169, 363-367.
Webster, G. D., & Weir. C. G. (2005). Emotional responses to music: Interactive effects of mode, texture, and tempo. Motivation and Emotion, 29(1), 19-39.
Wheeler, B. L. (1985). Relationship of personal characteristics to mood and enjoyment after hearing live and recorded music and to musical taste. Psychology of Music, 13, 81-92.
Zissman, A., & Neimark, E. (1990). The influence of familiarity on evaluation of liking and goodness of several types of music. Psychological Record, 40(4), 481- 490.

參、翻譯書籍
Campbell, D. (1997/2005). The Mozart effect: Tapping the power of music to heal the body, strengthen the mind, and unlock the creative spirit.
林珍如、夏荷立(譯)。莫札特效應-音樂身心靈療法。台北:先覺。
Goleman, D. (1996/2008). Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ.
張美惠(譯)。EQ-為什麼EQ比IQ更重要?台北:時報。
Miller, H. M., Taylor, P., & Williams, E. (1978/1999). Introduction to music.
桂冠學術編輯室(譯)。音樂概論。台北:桂冠。


 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
:::
無相關著作
 
無相關點閱
 
QR Code
QRCODE