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題名：性侵害犯罪行為之雙重認知歷程分析：內在連結處理之促發與抑制
作者：黃健
作者(外文)：Chien Huang
校院名稱：國立臺灣大學
系所名稱：心理學研究所
指導教授：吳英璋
李執中
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2013
主題關鍵詞：性暴力攻擊；雙重認知歷程；心理距離；連結處理；反思處理；sexual aggression；dual cognitive process；psychological distance；associative process；reflective process
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本研究嘗試分析過去性犯罪研究之探索與演進，透過整理不同研究者提出之理論模式及研究結果，進一步整合出本研究所欲探討之性犯罪行為的潛在心理病理機制，即性犯罪的雙重認知歷程分析，且嘗試設計心理距離標定作業等實驗操作，透過觀察連結處理及反思處理等兩認知歷程，藉以瞭解性犯罪者展現其性暴力攻擊行為背後所隱含之促發與抑制的內在心理病理。研究方法：透過兩個前置研究設計，從而確認性喚起與相關字詞的連結及圖片刺激所造成性喚起的程度，以便選取適當圖片刺激作為正式研究之實驗一與實驗二之用。實驗一為讓研究參與者接受促發作業（刺激圖片拼圖），觀察是否對字詞的心理距離標定作業之連結反應歷程造成明顯影響，及是否影響後續有關性意圖的決策判斷。實驗二除上述程序外，在促發作業前加入了促發守規暗示（啟動反思處理）或剝奪認知資源（抑制反思處理）後，觀察研究參與者的心理距離標定及其決策判斷是否受到影響。研究結果：嘗試將認知之「可觸接性」具體為三方面觀察：（1）字詞座標的落點數目（受到觸接的機會）；（2）詞彙間的心理距離（連結的緊密程度）；（3）跨基模類別之間連結疏密度。實驗一之結果發現性慾基模與非敵意概念兩者明顯聚集在「像我-正面」的象限裡，且有犯罪群體多於一般男性成人群體的趨勢，敵意基模與對象詞（女性）等兩部分，則是犯罪對照組落於「不像我-負面」的數目與比例居多。其次，整體性慾基模之組間差異主要為犯罪群體之心理距離較為緊密，而敵意基模的部分僅為犯罪對照組的特殊問題。有關跨基模的連結處理則發現犯罪群體普遍在「性慾-敵意-女性」上之心理距離較為緊密。前述組間差異問題也展現在性意圖的決策上，然而這些問題皆難以透過自陳式問卷測量得知。實驗二之研究結果顯示促進守規暗示的實驗操作的確啟動了反思歷程而形成了抑制性衝動反應的效果，且跨實驗分析也觀察到性犯罪者的性衝動問題似乎是反思歷程未能發生效用，深入探究發現性犯罪者並非僅認知資源不足所致，而可能是其有意識的跳脫/開反思歷程的介入導致性犯行。
A huge deal of literature regarding theories of sexual offending has pointed out two critical issues: how and why offending occurs, and how to prevent it from happen which target at the understanding toward its etiology and pathogenesis. Researchers and practitioners could identify the important clinical phenomena from the theory knitting and construction to realize the underlying psychological mechanism of sexual offending. Researchers found the model of dual cognitive process analysis of the underlying psychological mechanism of sexual offending, which appear offenders’ trigger and inhibit associative process under sexual arousal. Based on the above perspectives, the present study aims to integrate different theories and research results, In light of the conceptual model, a series of experimental studies investigating sexual offenders’ associative process and reflective process under sexual-related stimulus and after that decision-making of their sexual intent were conducted. Methods: Two pilot studies were conducted to select proper words and photos as materials for the following formal experiments. The first one was a photo arrangement task to identify their arousal level. Then a photo-thoughts/feeling fill-out procedure was done as the second pilot study. In the formal studies, participants were recruited into 3 groups, namely the normal controls, the sexual offenders, and the illicit drug users as the criminal controls. In study 1, a priming procedure inducing the sexual arousal of participants was applied followed by a psychological distance scaling task. Then they were requested to make a decision about sexual intent or not. In study 2, participants were induced into a reflective process which may or may not inhibit their original associative process and sexual intent. Then the following procedure was administered as the same steps of study 1. Results: Three indices of cognitive structure accessibility forming the participants’ psychological distance scaling were measured as their associative process. In study 1, some significant results with intra-schema comparison were reflected by that more sexual schema and non-hostility concepts clustered in the quadrant of ‘like me-positive’ in the offender groups. However, in the criminal control group, the hostility schema and female objects only significantly more located in the quadrant of ‘not-like me-negative’. After comparing the inter-stimulus distance of different schemas, the general criminal groups manifested closer psychological distances of their sexual schema, but the result of significantly closer psychological distances of hostility schema was only presented in the criminal control group. With regard to the inter-schema association comparison, the two offender groups have closer psychological distances of ‘sexual-hostility-female’. After the above tasks, a significant difference of sexual intent decision was also revealed. However, no between-group differences were found from their cognitive distortion questionnaires. In study 2, we tried to activate the reflective process as an inhibitor or exploiter of their cognitive resources, and then the significant difference in participants’ sexual intent was revealed. In conclusion, the dual cognitive process consisting of the associative and reflective process is suggested to play an important role in sexual offending.
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