The paper describes and analyzes the phenomenon of poverty in Taiwan based upon the related government reports and empirical research. The main topics of this paper include: (1) the concept of poverty, (2) theoretical perspectives on poverty, (3) the poverty trends, (4) poverty differences between rural and urban areas, (5) poverty among women, (6) poverty among the elderly, (7) poverty among children, (8) ethnic groups, (9) the homeless, (10) the issue of time in measuring poverty, and (11) the future prospects. The overall trends indicate the increase of the poor population and income inequality, mainly due to the economic restructure, economic downturns and unemployment problems during recent years. The impacts of these trends on two-parent families and single-father families need to be further examined. People living in rural areas face higher poverty rates over the years, compared to their counterparts. However, poverty in urban areas has gradually increased in recent years. As for the feminization of poverty, there has been some evidence to support this trend. Furthermore, Poverty among the elderly, especially for females, still needs to be taken into consideration. Finally, indigenous peoples also face more serious economic hardship, particularly for tribes in mountain areas.