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題名:中華文化思想中「天」的混同與「人」的失落--董仲舒天人合一說析評
書刊名:中原華語文學報
作者:張鈞莉
作者(外文):Chang, Chun-li
出版日期:2009
卷期:4
頁次:頁13-39
主題關鍵詞:董仲舒天人合一說混同天道觀人道觀價值失落Dong Zhong ShuConcord theory of HM vs. HBDiscord harmonyConcept of heaven majestyConcept of human beingHumanismValue vanishLost of value
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董仲舒的天人合一說所引發出的對於天與人之關係的探討,是中華文化思想的一大特色。而他的此一學說也造成了漢代四百餘年的學術思想界學統大亂,曲說偽書疊出。究其原因,歷來諸學者一致認為係在於他的思想駁雜不純。最能說明此駁雜不純之現象的,就是他的天道觀。董仲舒思想中的「天」是一個綜合了儒家的德行天、墨家的意志天、道家的自然天、漢初的陰陽學說,以及他自己個人的強烈政治企圖心,所形成的一個混同的天道觀念。混同,是董仲舒整體思想的共同特色,而以表現在其天道觀中者最為明確。 而當他本著這樣一個混同的天道觀來建構他著名的「天人合一」學說時,所產生的影響是:「人」的地位非但沒有如他預期地達到「超然萬物之上,而最為天下貴也」(《春秋繁露‧天地陰陽》),反而完全失落了「人之所以為人」的價值所在-並且是包括了人的生理構造、心理活動,乃至於為善的動機、成德的能力等各方面,全面性的一種價值失落,亦即人的存在性、主體性、主動性、展望性,全面起了動搖。這是董仲舒學說最大的、最可悲的問題所在。
The theory of Dong Zhong Shu tried to explain the relations between HM and HB induced many discussions of HM vs. HB which became a distinguished feature of Chinese culture. However, at the same time Dong's theory not merely derived many writings of incorrect thoughts but also created chaos in various cultural fields which last 400 years throughout the entire Han Dynasty. It is generally agreed by scholars ever since, the reason of the disaster mainly incurred from Dong's cognitions conflict of HM. In his confused theory of HM, Dong's cognition of HM is a confluence of Moral Heaven of Confucianism, Will Heaven of Muoism, Natural Heaven of Daoism, and Yin-Yang (Binary) theory newly formed at early Han Dynasty mixed with his strong personal political ambition, altogether they rendered a concept of Heaven Majesty (HM) in discord harmony. The discord harmony is the feature of Dong's network of thoughts, it is most distinguishably reflected in his cognition of HM. Based on this discord harmony theory of HM, when he attempted to build up the notorious Concord theory of HM vs. HB, in contrary to his expectation, the level of Human Being (HB) is not "ascending to above all creatures, becomes the most valuable on earth"-digested from Dong's [Chun-Qiu-Fan-Lu], but lost all values of HB from the aspects of biological structure, psychological activities, motivation of good will and capabilities of better morality. In other word, it overwhelmingly shook the ground of the existence of human being, as well as the subjectivity, positivity and prospectivity. This is the most profound and pathetic problem of Dong's theory.
圖書
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3.馮友蘭(1990)。中國哲學史。上海:上海書店。  延伸查詢new window
4.徐復觀(1985)。兩漢思想史--周秦漢政治社會結構之研究。臺北:學生書局。  延伸查詢new window
5.王弼、老子(1974)。老子王弼注。台北:河洛圖書出版社。  延伸查詢new window
6.郭慶藩(1974)。莊子集釋。臺北:河洛圖書出版社。  延伸查詢new window
7.金春峰(19971200)。漢代思想史。北京:中國社會科學出版社。  延伸查詢new window
8.徐復觀(1999)。中國人性論史‧先秦篇。臺灣商務印書館。  延伸查詢new window
9.馮友蘭(1991)。中國哲學史新編。藍燈文化事業股份有限公司。  延伸查詢new window
10.勞思光(1984)。新編中國哲學史。三民。  延伸查詢new window
11.李慶(1996)。中國文化中人的觀念。中國文化中人的觀念。上海。  延伸查詢new window
其他
1.(東漢)班固(1983)。漢書,臺北。  延伸查詢new window
2.(漢)董仲舒(1934)。春秋繁露,上海。  延伸查詢new window
3.(南宋)朱熹(1976)。四書集註,臺北。  延伸查詢new window
 
 
 
 
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