:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
題名:以徑路搜尋法表徵內隱與外顯知識結構的效度探討
作者:林奕宏
作者(外文):Yi-Hong Lin
校院名稱:國立臺灣師範大學
系所名稱:教育心理與輔導學系
指導教授:張景媛
陳學志
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2005
主題關鍵詞:徑路搜尋內隱知識外顯知識知識結構促發
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(1) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:0
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:161
本研究運用四種概念接近性測量法:促發法、測驗法、評定法、Q分類法,以421位國小六年級學生為測量對象,以自然科為測量內容,由四位專家教師從教材中挑選出14個重要概念,利用四種測量法測量兩兩概念相似性,並將測量結果分別進行徑路搜尋法分析,主要目的在於探討:(一)促發法的測量結果是否具有建構效度;(二)各種相似性指數及測量法對學習成就的解釋力有無差異;(三)由各種測量法產生的知識結構是否具有不同的特點;(四)MTMM與MDMM基準模式的理論假設能否獲得支持。基於以上目的,本研究提出新的rPF指數(r of Pathfinder)及MDMM(multidimension-multimethod)模式,進行實徵檢驗。研究工具包括概念相似性評定問卷、知識結構測驗、學習成就測驗、SuperLab實驗程式、概念相似性分類卡片等五項。研究結果如下:
一、就促發法的建構效度而言
  以促發法的測量結果,進行徑路搜尋法分析後產生的相似性指數,若作為「知識結構」的觀察指標,能夠符合Reber(1993)提出的「年齡獨立性」、「低變異性」、「智力獨立性」等內隱記憶系統的假設;亦即以徑路搜尋法之語意網路模式來表徵促發法的測量結果,所形成的「內隱知識結構」能夠符合相關的理論假定。而促發法的測量結果也具有適當的內部一致性信度與輻合效度。
二、就相似性指數和測量法的效標關聯效度而言
(一) rPF指數若作為潛在變項「知識結構」的指標對學習成就進行迴歸,在評定法和Q分類法中具有顯著的解釋力。若直接對學習成就進行迴歸,rPF指數在測驗法中具有顯著的解釋力;rPF指數在測驗法中也能顯著增加不同於其它三項指數的解釋量。
(二) 若直接對學習成就進行迴歸,以PRX指數的解釋力最強,其次為PFC指數。
(三) 以相似性指數作為潛在變項「知識結構」的指標對潛在變項「學習成就」進行迴歸,以評定法對學習成就的解釋量最高,其次為測驗法。
三、就各種測量法產生的知識結構圖的比較而言
(一) 就參照結構的比較而言,其特點包括了:
1. 連結數不同:以促發法產生的連結數最少,測驗法產生的連結數最多。
2. 可解釋性不同:促發法和測驗法產生的參照結構,與教材差異較大,而且有部份的連結不容易以教材內容直接加以解釋。評定法和Q分類法產生的參照結構,與教材較相似,所有節點之間都具有符合教材內容的邏輯關係。
3. 相似性不同:促發法的參照結構與其他測量法的參照結構之差異較大,而評定法和Q分類法的參照結構兩者之間有較大的相似性。
(二) 若以兩位高成就的受試者之知識結構為代表,與參照結構的分析結果相比較,可發現在「連結數」、「可解釋性」、「相似性」等三方面,參照結構的分析結果多可以類推到高成就受試者的知識結構之上。
(三) 此外,受試者的知識結構之核心概念的一致性也因測量法而有不同:其中以測驗法較大,其參照結構和受試者的知識結構都包括了相同的核心概念;但其他三種測量法則未發現此現象。
四、就MTMM和MDMM之模式考驗而言
(一) 本研究結果支持MTMM競爭模式2的假定:「內隱知識結構和外顯知識結構是兩個獨立無關的特質」。
(二) 本研究結果支持MDMM基準模式的假定:「節點內容(PFC指數)、節點圖解距離(GTD指數)、節點原始距離(PRX指數)等三個向度之間有相關」。
最後,研究者根據研究結果,提出未來應用徑路搜尋法進行相關研究、或者探討本研究提出的新潛在變項「內隱知識結構」等在教學與研究上的建議。
This study used four measuring methods, Priming, Test, Rating, and Q-sort, to examine the concept similarities on science from 421 elementary school students. 14 important concepts were chosen by 4 expert teachers to examine their similarities, and these results were analyzed by Pathfinder Analysis.
The purposes of this study was to probe: (1) whether the results measured by Priming has the construct validity; (2) whether the explanatory power of each similarity index and measuring method have differences on learning achievement; (3) whether the knowledge structure formed by each measuring method has different characteristics; (4) whether the assumptions of MTMM (multitrait-multimethod) and MDMM (multidimension-multimethod) models are supported.
Based on these purposes, new rPF index and MDMM model were suggested to proceed a field study by concept similarities questionnaire, knowledge structure test, learning achievement test, SuperLab computer program, and concept similarities sort-card. The results of this study were found as follows:
1. About the construct validity of Priming method
Using the similarity indices conducted by Pathfinder Analysis on the measuring results of Priming method to represent knowledge structure can fit the assumptions of implicit memory systems on Age independence, Low variability, and IQ independence. Namely, the semantic network models in Pathfinder Analysis were adopted to represent the results measured by Priming method. Moreover, the results measured by Priming method meet the internal consistency reliability and the convergent validity as well.
2. About the criterion-related validity of similarity indices and four measuring methods
(1) Using rPF index as an indicator of the latent variable “knowledge structure” to proceed regression analysis on learning achievement has significant explanatory power in Rating method and Q-sort method. Besides, proceeding regression analysis on learning achievement makes rPF index has significant explanatory power in Test method. Moreover, rPF index in Test method can also increase the explanatory power different from the ones by the other three indices: PFC, GTD, and PRX.
(2) PRX index has the highest explanatory power when proceeding regression analysis on learning achievement, and PFC index is the next.
(3) When using four similarity indices as indicators of the latent variable “knowledge structure” to proceed regression analysis on the latent variable “learning achievement”, Rating method has the highest explanatory power, and Test method is the next.
3. About the comparisons of knowledge structures formed by different measuring methods
(1) The characteristics of comparing with each referent structure:
a. Different links: Priming method has the least links (13), and the Test method has the most (17).
b. Different explanatory power: referent structures formed by Priming and Test methods were more different to teaching materials, and some links were hard to interpret by teaching content; referent structures formed by Rating and Q-sort methods were more similar to teaching materials, and all links meet the logic of teaching content.
c. Different similarities: referent structure formed by Priming method was more different from the ones formed by other measuring methods; referent structure formed by Rating method was more similar to the one formed by Q-sort.
(2) Comparing the knowledge structures of two high-achieving subjects with the results of referent structures in “links”, “explanatory power”, and “similarities”, most results of referent structures can generalize to the knowledge structures of high-achieving subjects.
(3) Furthermore, the consistencies on central concepts among knowledge structures of these two subjects are distinctive due to different measuring methods. Test method has more consistencies: its referent structure and knowledge structure of subjects show the same central concepts. This result was not found in other three methods
4. About the test of MTMM and MDMM models
(1) This study accepted the assumptions of competing model 2 in MTMM: implicit and explicit knowledge structures were two independent traits.
(2) This study accepted the assumptions of baseline model in MDMM: PFC, GTD, and PRX are relevant.
Suggestions for future researches conducted by Pathfinder Analysis or probe into the new latent variable “implicit knowledge structure” found in this study were provided in the end.
一、 中文部份

丁碧莉(民93):語文知識結構之評量研究-以國小英語科為例。國立雲林科技大學資訊管理系碩士論文。
方慧君(民92):知識結構診斷分析:以四技二專入學考試數學科為例。國立雲林科技大學資訊管理碩士班碩士論文。
王九逵(民91):集合論與數學教育。http://episte.math.ntu.edu.tw/articles/sm/sm_31_03_1/ (visited 06/20/05).
江淑卿(民86):知識結構的重要特性之分析暨促進知識結構教學策略之實驗研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所博士論文。new window
江淑卿(民89):徑路探測法在測量知識結構的效度研究。測驗年刊,47(1),73-94。new window
自然與生活科技教師手冊第八冊(民94):單元一-熱和我們的生活。台南:南一書局。
朱瀅(民91):實驗心理學。台北:五南。
宋德忠、林世華、陳淑芬、張國恩(民87):知識結構的測量-徑路搜尋法與概念構圖法的比較。教育心理學報,30(2),123-142。new window
李坤崇(民91):多元化教學評量理念與推動策略。教育研究,98,24-36。new window
吳思穎(民91):國小自然科多元評量實例。教育研究,98,52-61。new window
林冠群、吳裕益(民90):引出知識的方式對數學課室學習中概念構圖評量的信、效度之影響。測驗年刊,48(2),87-108。new window
林清山(民75):多向度量尺法(MDS)的理論及統計方法。測驗年刊,33,109-124。new window
林清山(民79):多特質-多方法(MTMM)分析模式在驗證性建構效度考驗的應用。測驗年刊,37,113-130。new window
林清山(民92):結構方程模式(SEM):基本原理及其在心理與教育研究之應用。台北:師大書苑。
林曉芳(民88):數學低成就國中生在代數概念學習之評量研究。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文。
林曉芳、余民寧(民90):國中生在數學代數概念學習之評量研究:以二元一次方程式為例。教育與心理研究,24,303-326。new window
邱皓政(民92):結構方程模式-LISREL的理論、技術與應用。台北:雙葉書廊。
周文欽、賴保禎、歐滄和(民92):心理與教育測驗。台北:國立空中大學。
涂金堂(民91):國小學生數學文字題知識結構之評量。教育與心理研究,25,369-399。new window
黃芳銘(民92):結構方程模式-理論與應用。台北:五南。
黃秀瑄、林瑞欽編譯(民80):認知心理學。台北:師大書苑。
黃秋芳(民93):從多元評量的角度談「健康與體育」學習領域之體育教學評量。學校體育,80,99-102。
黃湃翔(民91):徑路搜尋法在高中學生物理學科知識結構測量上的應用。教育與社會研究,4,1-33。new window
張紹勳(民83):SPSS For Windows-多變量統計分析。台北:松崗。
孟慶茂、常建華(民89):心理實驗學。台北:心理。new window
陳正昌、程炳林、陳新豐、劉子鍵(民92):多變量分析方法-統計軟體應用。台北:五南書局。
陳新豐(民91):國小學生知識結構的評量分析-以國小自然學習成就為例。教育與心理研究,25,657-680。new window
陳學志主譯(民93):認知心理學。台北:學富。
陳學志、李威震、周泰安、卓淑玲(民91):以內隱聯結測驗(IAT)測量國人自尊的可行性研究。測驗年刊,49(2),217-235。new window
陳學志、陳怡潔、卓淑玲(民90):以中文多義詞及破音字的促發效果量來測量創造力的可行性研究:以新策略檢驗Mednick的連結層級假設。載於第五屆華人社會心理與教育測驗學術研討會論文集。
陳嘉甄(民90):國小學童自然科知識結構之測量。教育與心理研究,24,327-344。new window
教育部訓育委員會(民83):各級學校可用測驗使用手冊。台北:教育部。
郭生玉(民74):心理與教育測驗。台北:精華書局。
郭慶光譯(民86):心理學實驗與測驗之基礎-實習編。台北:五南。
楊治良、郭力平、王沛、陳寧(民90):記憶心理學。台北:五南。
賈馥茗(民54):簡介Q-Technique,測驗年刊,12,5-7。
塗振洋(民90):路徑蒐尋網路分析在教學評量上的應用:以國小六年級學童在天文概念上的學習為例。教育與心理研究,24,367-392。new window
葛樹人(民76):心理測驗學(上)。台北:桂冠。
鄭昭明(民82):認知心理學-理論與實踐。台北:桂冠。new window
劉英茂(民69):基本心理歷程。台北:大洋。
鍾邦友(民89):以情境學習為觀點的統整課程設計。北縣教育,30,32-37。
簡茂發(民62):Q方法的新近研究的檢討。測驗年刊,20,92-98。


二、 英文部份

Acton, W.H., Johnson, P. J., & Goldsmith, T.E. (1994). Structural knowledge assessment: Comparison of referent structures. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86, 303-311.
Aizenstein, H. J., MacDonald, A. W., Stenger, V. A., Nebes, R. D., Larson, J. K., Ursu, Stefan, & Carter, C. S. (2000). Complementary category learning systems identified using event-related functional MRI. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(6), 977-987.
Alberts, K. S. & Ankenman, B. (2001). Simulating Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation in Q-sorts using EXCEL. Social Science Computer Review, 19(2), 221-226.
Aloisi, B. A., McKone, E., & Heubeck, B. G. (2004). Implicit and explicit memory performance in children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 22(2), 275-292.
Amador-Campos, J. A., Forns-Santacana, M., Gurdia-Olmos, J., & Per-Cebollero, M. (in press). DSM-IV Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder symptons: Agreement between informants in prevalence and factor structure at different ages. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment.
American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council on Measurement in Education. (1999). Standards for educational and psychological testing. USA: American Educational Research Association.
Amin, Z. (2000). Q methodology- A journey into the subjectivity of human mind. Singapore Medical Journal, 41(8), 410-414.
Anastasi, A. (1988). Psychological testing (6th). NY: Macmillan.
Anderson, W. & Brown, M. (2004). Revealing cost drivers for systems integration and interoperability through Q methodology. Proceedings of The 26th Annual Conference of the International Society of Parametric Analysts (pp. 1-25). Italy: Frascati.
Bagozzi, R. P. & Yi, Y. (1993). Multitrait-miltimethod matrices in consumer research: Critique and new developments. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 2(2), 143-170.
Basque, J., Pudelko, B., & Lonard, M. (2004, September). Collaborative knowledge modeling between experts and novices: A strategy to support transfer of expertise in an organization. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Concept Mapping, Pamplona, Spain.
Berry, D. C. & Dienes, Z. (1993). Implicit learning: Theoretical and empirical issues.UK: LEA.
Boldt, M. N. (2001). Assessing students’ accounting knowledge: A structural approach. Journal of Education for Business, 76(5), 262-269.
Bond, G. & Gwizdowski, I. (2005). Quantifying team transactive memory. Paper presented at the Graduate Research and Arts Symposium, New Mexico State University, NM.
Bonebright, T. L., Miner, N. E., Goldsmith, T. E., & Caudell, T. P. (1998). Data collection and analysis techniques for evaluating the perceptual qualities of auditory stimuli. http://www.icad.org/websiteV2.0/Conferences/ICAD98/papers/BONEBRIG.PDF (visited 07/16/05).
Borg, I. & Groenen , P. (1997). Modern multidimensional scaling. NY: Springer-Verlag.
Bowers, J. S. (2000). In defense of abstractionist theories of repetition priming and word identification. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 7(1), 83-99.
Bowers, J. & Marsolek, C. J. (2003). Rethinking implicit memory. NY: Oxford University Press.
Bowers, J. S. & Kouider, S. (2003). Developing theories of priming with an eye on function. In J. S. Bowers & C. J. Marsolek (Eds.), Rethinking implicit memory (pp. 19-40). NY: Oxford University Press.
Brannick, M. T. (2004). Campbell & Fiske's classic multitrait-multimethod matrix. Unpublished manuscript, University of South Florida at Tampa.
Brown, M. (2004). Illuminating patterns of perception: An overview of Q methodology (Technical Note: CMU/SEI-2004-TN-026). PA: Camegie Mellon University, Software Engineering Institute.
Brown, S. R. (1991). Q methodology: 4. Q sorting. http://www.qmethod.org(visited 10/12/04)
Brown, S. R. (1996). Q methodology and qualitative research. Qualitative Health Research, 6(4), 561-567.
Brualdi, A. (1999). Traditional and modern concepts of validity. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 435 714)
Buchner, A. & Wippich, W. (1998). Differences and commonalities between implicit learning and implicit memory. In M. A. Stadler & P. A. Frensch (Eds.), Handbook of implicit learning (pp. 3-46). CL: Sage.
Bunting, B. P. & Adamson, G. (2000). Assessing reliability and validity in the context of planned incomplete data structures for multitrait-multimethod models. In Ferligoj, A. & Mrvar, A. (Eds.). Developments in Survey Methodology (pp. 37-53). University of Ljubljana Press.
Bunting, B. P., Adamson, G., & Mulhall, P. K. (2002). A monte carlo examination of an MTMM model with planned incomplete data structures. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(3), 369-389.
Byrne, B. M. (1989). Multigroup comparisons and the assumption of equivalent construct validity across groups: methodological and substantive issues. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 24(4), 503-523.
Byrne, B. M. & Goffin, R. D. (1993). Modeling MTMM data from additive and multiplicative covariance structures: an audit of construct validity. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 28(1), 67-96.
Callingham, R. (2003). Establishing the validity of a performance assessment in numeracy. Paper presented at the International Education Research Conference, Auckland, New Zealand.
Campbell, D. T. & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81-105.
Carlsson, C. & Fullr, R. (1996). Adaptive fuzzy cognitive maps for hyperknowledge representation in strategy formation process. Proceedings of International Panel Conference on Soft and Intelligent Computing (pp. 43-50). Hungary: Technical University of Budapest.
Chase, C. & Abbond, C. (2000). SuperLab Pro: Experimental laboratory software- User’s guide. CA: Cedrus Corporation.
Chen, C. C. (2001). Assessment of scientific knowledge structure in elementary school students. Journal of Education and Psychology, 24(2), 327-343.
Chen, C. & Carr, L. (1999). Visualizing the evolution of a subject domain: A case study. Proceedings of the IEEE Visualization’99 Conference, 449-452.
Chen, C. & Czerwinski, M. (1998). From latent semantics to spatial hypertext: Integrated approach. HyperText, 98, Pittsburgh, USA, 77-86.
Chen, C. & Morris, S. (2003). Visualizing evolving networks: Minimum spanning trees versus Pathfinder Networks. IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization (pp. 67-74). Seattle, WA.
Chen, C. & Paul, R. J. (2002). Visualizing a knowledge domain's intellectual structure. IEEE Computer, 34(3), 65-71.
Cheong, Y. & Leckenby, J. D. (2004). SEM versus regression for modeling of attitude toward the internet retailer. Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Conference American Academy of Advertising, Baton Rouge, LA.
Choi, N. (2004). A psychometric examination of the Personal Attributes Questionnaire. The Journal of Social Psychology, 144(3), 348-352.
Chung, S. M. & Pereira, A. L. (2005). Timed Petri Net representation of SMIL. MultiMedia, 12(1), 64-72.
Church, B. A. & Schacter, D. L. (1994). Perceptual specificity of auditory priming: Implicit memory for voice intonation and fundamental frequency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20(3), 521-533.
Clariana, R. B. (2005). Using concept map approaches to communicate and present knowledge. Unpublished manuscript, University of Oulu at Finland.
Clariana, R. B. & Wallace, P. (2005). A comparison of pair-wise, list-wise, and clustering approaches for eliciting structural knowledge. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Cole, D. A., Cho, S., Martin, J. M., Seroczynski, A. D., Tram, J., & Hoffman, K. (2001). Effects of validity and bias on gender differences in the appraisal of children’s competences: Results of MTMM analyses in a longitudinal investigation. Structural Equation Modeling, 8(1), 84-107.
Cooke, N. J. (1999). Knowledge elicitation. In F. T. Durso. (Ed.),Handbook of applied cognition (pp. 479-509). UK: Wiley.
Corten, I. W., Saris, W. E., Coenders, G., van der Veld, W., Aalberts, C. E., & Kornelis, C. (2002). Fit of different models for multitrait-multimethod experiments. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 213-232.
Cote, J. A., Buckley, M. R., & Best, R. J. (2001). Combining methodologies in the construct validation process: an empirical illustration. The Journal of Psychology, 121(3), 301-309.
Cox, T. F. & Cox, M. A. A. (1994). Multidimensional scaling. London: Chapman & Hall.
Craik, F. I. M. (2003). Commentary. In J. S. Bowers & C. J. Marsolek (Eds.), Rethinking implicit memory (pp. 327-336). NY: Oxford University Press.
Curran, T. (1998). Implicit sequence learning from a cognitive neuroscience perspective: What, how, and where? In M. A. Stadler & P. A. Frensch (Eds.), Handbook of implicit learning (pp. 365-400). CL: Sage.
Dahlstrom, J., Dorai-Raj, A., McGill, D., Owen, C., Tymms, K., & Watson, D. A. R. (2005). What motivates senior clinicians to teach medical students? BMC Medical Education, 5, 27-36.
Dapueto, J. J., Francolino, C., Servente, L., Chang, C. H., Gotta, I., Levin, R., & Abreu, M. D. (2003). Evaluation of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) Spanish version 4 in South America: Classic psychometric and Item Response Theory analyses. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 1(1), 32.
Darlaston-Jones, D. (2003). Q methodology: An introduction to the analysis of subjectivity. Paper presented at the meeting of the 18th Annual Research Forum, Edith Cowan University at Australia.
Davis, M. A., Curtis, M. B., & Tschetter, J. D. (2003). Evaluating cognitive training outcomes: Validity and utility of structural knowledge assessment. Journal of Business & Psychology, 18(2), 191-206.
Dawes, J.(2001). Comparing data gathered using five point vs eleven point scales. Paper presented at the annual meeting of Australian and New Zealand Marketing Academy (ANZMAC), Auckland, New Zealand.
Dawson, M. R. W., Boechler, P. M., & Valsangkar-Smyth, M. (2000). Representing space in a PDP network: Coarse allocentric coding can mediate metric and nonmetric spatial judgements. Spatial Cognition and Computation, 2, 181-218.
Dearholt, D. W. & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1990). Properities of pathfinder networks. In R. W. Schvaneveldt (Ed.), Pathfinder associative networks: Studies in knowledge organization (pp. 1-30). NJ: Ablex.
DeCoster, J. (1998). Overview of factor analysis. Unpublished manuscript, University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa.
De Jong, T. & Ferguson-Hessler, M. (1986). Cognitive structures of good and poor novice problem solvers in physics. Journal of Educational Psychology, 78(4), 279-288.
Dehaene, S., Naccache, L., Le Clec, G., Koechlin, E., Mueller, M., Dehaene-Lambertz, G., van de Moortele, P. F., & Bihan, D. L. (1998). Imaging unconscious semantic priming. Nature, 395, 597-600.
Delmas, M. & Toffel, M. W. (2005). Organizational receptivity to institutional pressure: The adoption of environmental management practices (Working Papers Series No. 9). Berkeley: University of California, Center for Responsible Business.
Dennis, S. (1995). The impact of the environment on the word frequency and null list strength in recognition memory. Noetica: Open Forum, 1(1), http://psy.uq.edu.au/CogPsych/Noetica (visited 07/20/05).
Dienes, Z. & Fahey, R. (1998). The role of implicit memory in controlling a dynamic system. The Quarterly Journal Experimental Psychology, 51A(3), 593-614.
Dimovski, V. & Škerlavaj, M. (2004). Organizational learning and its impact of financial and nonfinancial performance. Paper presented at the Fifth European Conference on Organizational Knowledge, Learning and Capabilities, Innsbruck, Austria.
Durso, F. T. & Coggins, K. A. (1990). Graphs in the social and psychological sciences: Empirical contributions of pathfinder. In R. W. Schvaneveldt (Ed.), Pathfinder associative networks: Studies in knowledge organization (pp. 31-52). NJ: Ablex.
Duyck, W., Diependaele, K., Drieghe, D., & Brysbaert, M. (2004). The size of the cross-lingual masked phonological priming effect does not depend on second language proficiency. Experimental Psychology, 51(2), 116-124.
Dykstra, D. I., Boyle, C. F., & Monarch, I. A. (1992). Studying conceptual change in learning physics. Science Education, 76(6), 615-652.
Everitt, B. S. & Rabe-Hesketh, S. (1997). The analysis of proximity data. NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Feldman, L. B. (2003). What the repetition priming methodology reveals about morphological aspects of word recognition. In J. S. Bowers & C. J. Marsolek (Eds.), Rethinking implicit memory (pp. 124-138). NY: Oxford University Press.
Fiser, J. & Biederman, I. (1995). Size invariance in visual object priming of gray scale images. Perception, 24, 741-748.
Fleischman, D. A., Vaidya, C. J., Lange, K. L., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1997). A dissociation between perceptual explicit and implicit memory processes. Brain and Cognition, 35, 42-57.
Fleischman, D. A., Wilson, R. S., Bienias, J. L., Bennett, D. A., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2004). A longitudinal study of implicit and explicit memory in old persons. Psychology and Aging, 19(4), 617-625.
Frensch, P. A. (1998). One concept, multiple meaning: On how to define the concept of implicit learning. In M. A. Stadler & P. A. Frensch (Eds.), Handbook of implicit learning (pp. 47-104). CL: Sage.
Friedman, R. B. (2000). The role of learning and memory paradigms in the remediation of aphasic disorders. Brain and Language, 71, 69-71.
Gefen, D., Straub, D. W., & Boudreau, M. (2000). Structural equation modeling and regression: Guidelines for research practice. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 7(7), 1-78.
Gil-Garcia, J. R. (2005). Exploring the success factors of state website functionality: An empirical investigation. Paper presented at the National Conference on Digital Government Research, Atlanta, GA.
GmbH, G. S. (2004a). Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices (CPM). http://www.schuhfried.at/eng/wts/cpm.htm (visited 07/10/05).
GmbH, G. S. (2004b). Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM). http://www.schuhfried.at/eng/wts/spm.htm (visited 07/10/05).
Goldinger, S. D., Azuma, T., Kleider, H. M., & Holmes, V. M. (2003). Font-specfic memory: More than meets the eye? In J. S. Bowers & C. J. Marsolek (Eds.), Rethinking implicit memory (pp. 157-196). NY: Oxford University Press.
Goldman, I. (1999). Q methodology as process and context in interpretivism, communication, and psychoanalytic psychotherapy research. The Psychological Record, 49(4), 589-604.
Goldsmith, T. E. & Davenport, D. M. (1990). Assessing structural similarity of graphs. In R. W. Schvaneveldt (Ed.), Pathfinder associative networks: Studies in knowledge organization (pp. 75-88). NJ: Ablex.
Goldsmith, T. E. & Johnson, P. J. (1990). A structural assessment of classroom learning. In R. W. Schvaneveldt (Ed.), Pathfinder associative networks: Studies in knowledge organization (pp. 241-254). NJ: Ablex
Goldsmith, T. E., Johnson, P. J., & Acton, W. H. (1991). Assessing structural knowledge. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83(1), 88-96.
Gomez, R. & Housner, L. D. (1992). Pedagogical knowledge structures in prospective teachers. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Austin, TX. (ED 351307)
Gopnik,A., Glymour, C., Sobel, D. M., Schulz, L. E., Kushnir, T., & Danks, D. (2004). A theory of causal learning in children: Causal maps and Bayes nets. Psychological Review, 111(1), 1-30.
Graf, P. & Birt, A. R. (1996). Explicit and implicit memory retrieval: Intentions and strategies. In L. M. Reder (Ed.), Implicit Memory and Metacognition (pp. 25-44). NJ: LEA.
Guthrie, J. T., Van Meter, P., Hancock, G. R., Alao, S., Anderson, E., & McCann, A. (1998). Does concept-oriented reading instruction increase strategy use and conceptual learning from text? Journal of Educational Psychology, 90(2), 261-278.
Gutnik, G. & Kaminka, G. (2004). A scalable Petri Net representation of interaction protocols for overhearing. The Third International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, 3, 1246-1247.
Hajdu, O. (2004). Multitrait-multimethod models for profitability indicators. Periodica Polytechnica Ser. Soc. Man. Sci., 12(2), 211-222.
Hartung, C. M., McCarthy, D. M., Milich, R., & Martin, C. A. (2005). Parent-Adolescent agreement on disruptive behavior symptoms: A multitrait-multimethod model. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 27(3), 159-168.
Halliday-Boykins, C. A. & Graham, S. (2001). At both ends of the gun: Testing the relationship between community violence exposure and youth violent behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29(5), 383-402.
Harper, M. E., Jentsch, F. G., Berry, D., Lau, H. C., Bowers, C., & Salas, E. (2003). TPL-KATS-card sort: A tool for assessing structural knowledge. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 35(4), 577-584.
Hjrland, B. & Nicolaisen, J. (2005). The Epistemological Lifeboat: Epistemology and philosophy of science for information scientists. http://www.db.dk/jni/lifeboat/Concepts/Knowledge%20representation.htm (visited 07/08/05).
Housner, L. D., Gomez, R. L., & Griffey, D. C. (1993). Pedagogical knowledge structures in prospective teachers: Relationships to performance in a teaching methodology course. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 64(2), 167-177.
Howard, J. H. & Howard, D. V. (1997). Age differences in implicit learning of higher order dependencies in serial patterns. Psychology and Aging, 12(4), 634-656.
Hoyer, W. J. & Lincourt, A. E. (1998). Aging and the development of learning. In M. A. Stadler & P. A. Frensch (Eds.), Handbook of implicit learning (pp. 445-470). CL: Sage.
Hsieh, J. K. (2003, August). Student’s conceptual learning through teaching strategy with scientific writing. Paper presented at the meeting of the European Science Education Research Association, Noordwijkerhout, Netherlands.
Huelsman, T. J., Furr, R. M., & Nemanick, R. C. Jr. (2003). Measutement of dispositional affect: Construct validity and convergence with a circumplex model of affect. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63(4), 655-673.
Hupbach, A. (2000). Alterskorrelierte Differenzen in konzeptuellen impliziten Gedchtnisleistungen [Age-related differences in conceptual implicit memory tests]. Unpublished manuscript.
Hutchison, K. A. (2003). Is semantic priming due to association strength or feature overlap? A microanalytic review. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 10(4), 785-813.
Information Technology Services. (2004). Research consulting: General FAQ #10: Negative factor loadings. Unpublished manuscript, University of Texas at Austin.
Interlink (2004): The Knowledge Network Organizing Tool (KNOT) Software. http://interlinkinc.net/KNOT.html (visited 10/11/04)
Ito, K. & Wang, Z. (2002). A new cognitive skills test and its factor structure. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.
Janz, B. D. & Prasarnphanich, P. (2005). Understanding knowledge creation, transfer, and application: Investigating cooperative, autonomous systems development teams. Paper presented at the 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Maui, HI.
Johnson, P. J., Goldsmith, T. E., & Teague, K. W. (1994). Locus of the predictive advantage in pathfinder-based representations of classroom knowledge. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86(4), 617-626.
Johnson, A., Moher, T., Ohlsson, S., & Gillingham, M. (1999). The round earth project: Collaborative VR for conceptual learning. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 19(6), 60-69.
Jonassen, D. H., Beissner, K., & Yacci, M. (1993). Structural knowledge: Techniques for representing, conveying, and acquiring structural knowledge. NJ: LEA.
Jreskog, K. G. (1999). How large can a standardized coefficient be? http://www.ssicentral.com/lisrel/techdocs/HowLargeCanaStandardizedCoefficientbe.pdf (visited 07/20/05).
Jurczyk, J. & Ramlo, S. (2004). A new approach to performing course evaluations: Using Q Methodology to better understand student attitudes. Paper presented at the 20th Annual Q Conference, Athens, GA.
Keller, F. (2005). Cognitive modeling- Lecture 18: Bayes nets. Unpublished manuscript, University of Edinburgh at UK.
Kinoshita, S. (1989). Masked and unmasked repetition effects: Activation of representation or procedure? In S. Lewandowsky, J. Dunn, & K. Kirsner (Eds.), Implicit memory-Theoretical issues (pp. 213-227). NJ: LEA.
Kinoshita, S. (2003). Familiarity in an implicit and explicit memory task: A common mechanism. In J. S. Bowers & C. J. Marsolek (Eds.), Rethinking implicit memory (pp. 284-301). NY: Oxford University Press.
Kinoshita, S. & Woollams, A. (2002). The masked onset priming effect in naming: Computation of phonology or speech planning? Memory and Cognition, 30(2), 237-245.
Kirk, J., Bimler, D., Drawneek, A., McKim, M & Schőlmerich, A.(2004). An alternative approach for the analyses and interpretation of attachment sort items. Early Child Development & Care, 174(7/8), 701-719.
Klein, D. C. D., & Chung, G. K. W. K., & Osmundson, E., Herl, H. E., & O’Neil, H. F. Jr. (2002). Examining the validity of knowledge mapping as a measure of elementary student’s scientific understanding. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 465 803)
Klein, S. B., Cosmides, L., Tooby, J., & Chance, S. (2002). Decisions and the evolution of memory: Multiple systems, multiple functions. Psychological Review, 109(2), 306-329.
Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. NY: The Guilford Press.
KNOT. (1998). Info: Proximity data file format. AZ: Interlink.
Kokoski, T. M. & Housner, L. D. (1994). Pathfinder analysis of knowledge structures: An exploratory investigation of math and science teacher educators. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 376 218)
Kolers, P. A. (1975). Memorial consequences of automatized encoding. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 1(6), 689-701.
Kroh, M. (2005). Surveying the left-right dimension: The choice of a response format (ISSN electronic edition 1619-4535). Berlin, German: German Institute for Economic Research, Socio-Economic Panel Study.
Kruskal, J. B. & Wish, M. (1978). Multidimensional scaling. CA: SAGE.
Kuk, G., Wood, D., & Copeland, L. (1995). Using pathfinder networks to distinguish conflict incidents. Paper presented at the meeting of the Audio-Recordings of NHS Management Team, University of Sheffield, UK.
Lachs, L., Mcmichael, K., & Pisoni, D. B. (2003). Speech perception and implicit memory: Evidence for detailed episodic encoding of phonetic events. In J. S. Bowers & C. J. Marsolek (Eds.), Rethinking implicit memory (pp. 215-235). NY: Oxford University Press.
Laming, D. R. J. (1968). Information theory of choice-reaction times. London: Academic Press.
Leckenby, J. D. (2002). Theory in persuasive communication and decision making. http://www.ciadvertising.org/SA/fall_02/adv382j/khkim05/howadwrok/memory.htm (visited 07/20/05).
Lehtonen, M. & Laine, M. (2003). How word frequency affects morphological processing in monolinguals and bilinguals? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 6(3), 213-225.
Leou, S. & Liu, J. C. (2004). The study of concept map implementation for enhancing professional knowledge of a high school mathematics teacher. Paper presented at the Proc. of the First Int. Conference on Concept Mapping, Spain, Pamplona.
Li, B., Chang, E., & Wu, C. T. (2002). DPF: A perceptual distance function for image retrieval. Proceedings of 2002 International Conference on Image Processing, 2, 597-600.
Lievens, F., Chasteen, C. S., Day, E. A., & Christiansen, N. D. (in press). Large-scale investigation of the role of trait activation theory for understanding assessment center convergent and discriminant validity. Journal of Applied Psychology.
Lin, T. C., Hsu, M. H., Kuo, F. Y., & Sun, P. C. (1999). An intention model-based study of software piracy. Paper presented at the 32nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Maui, HI.
Looney, C. A., Valacich, J. S., & Akbulut, A. Y. (2004). Online investment self-efficacy: Development and initial test of an instrument to assess perceived online investing abilities. Paper presented at the 37th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Maui, HI.
Lowe, W. & McDonald, S. (2000). The direct route: Mediated priming in semantic space. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 675-680.
Luce, P. A., McLennan, C., & Charles-Luce, J. (2003). Abstractness and specificity in spoken word recognition: Indexical and allophonic variability in long-term repetition priming. In J. S. Bowers & C. J. Marsolek (Eds.), Rethinking implicit memory (pp. 197-214). NY: Oxford University Press.
Luo, Y., Zhang, J., Gao, X., Liu, X., & Ma, B. (2001, October). Teaching strategy and courseware design for the active and creative learning in electric engineering education. Paper presented at the 31th ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, Reno, NV.
Manson, T. M., Levine, E. L., & Brannick, M. T. (2000). The construct validity of task inventory ratings: A multitrait-multimethod analysis. Human Performance, 13(1), 1-22.
Manza, L., & Zizak, D., & Reber, A. S. (1998). Artificial grammar learning and the mere exposure effect: Emotional preference tasks and the implicit learning process. In M. A. Stadler & P. A. Frensch (Eds.), Handbook of implicit learning (pp. 201-222). CL: Sage.
Maria, J. S. (2004). Effect of instruction with expert patterns on the lexical learning of English as a foreign language. System, 32(1), 89-102.
Marsh, H. W. (1990). Confirmatory factor analysis of multitrait-multimethod data: the construct validation of multidimensional self-concept responses. Journal of Personality, 58(4), 661-692.
Marsh, H. W. & Grayson, D. (1993). The composite direct product model: strengths, limitations, and new approaches. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 358 135)
Marsolek, C. J. (2003). What is priming and why? In J. S. Bowers & C. J. Marsolek (Eds.), Rethinking implicit memory (pp. 41-64). NY: Oxford University Press.
Marsolek, C. J. & Burgund, E. D. (2003). Visual recognition and priming of incomplete objects: The influence of stimulus and task demands. In J. S. Bowers & C. J. Marsolek (Eds.), Rethinking implicit memory (pp. 139-156). NY: Oxford University Press.
Maurer, H. & Pivec, M. (2001). Situation learning: A new approach to knowledge mediation. In C. M. Montgomerie & J. V. Viteli (Eds.), World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications, 2001(1), 1254-1259.
May, D. B. & Etkina, E. (2002). College physics student’s epistemological self-reflection and its relationship to conceptual learning. Physics Education Research: A supplement to the American Journal of Physics, 70(12), 1249-1258.
Maybery, M. & Taylor, M. (1995). Implicit learning: Sensitive to age but not IQ. Australian Journal of Psychology, 47(1), 8-17.
Mayes, A. R., Gooding, P. A., & van Eijk, R. (1997). A new theoretical framework for explicit and implicit memory. Psyche, 3(2), http://psyche.cs.monash.edu.au/v2/psyche-3-02-mayes.html (visited 07/20/05).
Mayfield, J. (1997). Two-level models of hypertext. http://wwwis.win.tue.nl/ah94/Mayfield.html (visited 07/10/05).
McDonald, J. E., Paap, K. R., & McDonald, D. R. (1990). Hypertext perspectives: Using pathfinder to build hypertext systems. In R. W. Schvaneveldt (Ed.), Pathfinder associative networks: Studies in knowledge organization (pp. 197-212).NJ: Ablex.
McDonald, J. E., Plate, T. A., & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1990). Using pathfinder to extract semantic information from text. In R. W. Schvaneveldt (Ed.), Pathfinder associative networks: Studies in knowledge organization (pp. 149-164).NJ: Ablex.
McGaghie, W. C. (1996). Comparison of knowledge structures with the Pathfinder Scaling Algorithm. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York, NY.
McGriff, S. J. & Van Meter, P. (2001). Measuring cognitive structure: An overview of pathfinder networks and semantic networks. Unpublished manuscript, Pennsylvania State University at PA.
McKeown, B. & Thomas, D. (1988). Q Methodology. CA: SAGE.
McNamara , D. S. & O’Reilly , T. (2004): Learning: knowledge representation , organization, and acquisition. Unpublished manuscript, Old Dominion University at VA.
Medler, D. A. & Piercey, C. D. (2004). Processing ambiguous words: Are blends necessary for lexical decision? Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 944-949). IL: Chicago.
Mitchell, A. A. & Chi, M.T. (1984). Measuring knowledge within a domain. In P. Nagy (Ed.), The representation of cognitive structure (pp. 85-109). Toronto, Canada: ISE.
Mller, F. H. & Kals, E. (2004). Q-sort technique and Q-methodology: Innovative methods for examining attitudes and opinions. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 5(2), http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqs-texte/2-04/2-04muellerkals-e.htm (visited 07/20/05).
Mycoted. (2004). Q-sort. http://www.mycoted.com/creativity/techniques/q-sort.php (visited 05/25/05).
Nash, J. G. & Nash, J. M. (2003). A structural representation of migraine diagnostic criteria: The expert’s view. Headache, 43, 322-329.
National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2005a). Euclidean distance. http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/euclidndstnc.html (visited 07/10/05).
National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2005b). Levene tests for equality of variances. http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda35a.htm (visited 06/15/05).
Northwest Evaluation Association. (2004, March). Reliability and validity estimates. Lake Oswego, OR: Author.
Noyd, R. (1999). A primer on concept maps. Unpublished manuscript, Wayne State College at NE.
Oliveira, L. C. B. & Joia, L. A. (2005). A model for evaluating B2C e-commerce websites: Application in the CD e-retailing industry in Brazil. Paper presented at the 13th European Conference on Information Systems, Regensburg, Germany.
Panayides, P. M. & So, M. (2005). The impact of integrated logistics relationships on third-party logistics service quality and performance. Maritime Economics and Logistics, 7, 36-55.
Payne, D. G. & Westerman, D. L. (2003). Research methods in cognition.
Pedhazur, E. J. (1997). Multiple regression in behavioral research (3rd). FL: Harcourt Brace.
Perruchet, P. & Vinter, A. (1998). Learning and development: The implicit knowledge assumption reconsidered. In M. A. Stadler & P. A. Frensch (Eds.), Handbook of implicit learning (pp. 495-532). CL: Sage.
Poldrack, R. A. & Packard, M. G. (2003). Competition among multiple memory systems: converging evidence from animal and human brain studies. Neuropsychologia, 41(3), 241-244.
Popovic, V. (2003, November). General strategic knowledge models connections and expertise development in product design. In N. Cross & E. Edmonds (Chairs), Expertise in Design: Design Thinking Research Symposium 6, Sydney, Australia.
Prasad, R. S. (2001). Development of the HIV/AIDS Q_sort instrument to measure physician attitudes. Family Medicine, 33(10), 772-778.
Rademacher, M. (2005). Media’s impact as implicit learning objectives: COMETS as an example of chances for internet-learning viewed from both Media-Theory and Constructivism. In A. Mndez-Vilas, B. Gonzlez-Pereira, J. M. Gonzlez, & J. A. M. Gonzlez (Eds.), Recent Research Developments in Learning Technologies: Vol. 3 (pp. 1211-1215). Spain: FORMATEX.
Raghavendra, S. P. (2001). Development of the HIV/AIDS Q-sort instrument to measure physician attitudes. Family Medicine, 33(10), 772-778.
Ramey, J. A., Smith, S. M., Barile, A. L., Bihm, E. M., & Poindexter, A. R. (2001). Assessment of training using Pathfinder Associative Networks. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southwest Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.
Reber, A. S. (1993). Implicit learning and tacit knowledge: An essay on the cognitive unconscious. NY: Oxford Uni. Press.
Reber, P. J., Gitelman, D. R., Parrish, T. B., & Mesulam, M. M. (2003). Dissociating explicit and implicit category knowledge with fMRI. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15(4), 574-583.
Rodrigue, J. P. (2005). Graphy theory: Definition and properties. Unpublished manuscript, Hofstra University at NY.
Roediger, H. L. (2003). Reconsidering implicit memory. In J. S. Bowers & C. J. Marsolek (Eds.), Rethinking implicit memory (pp. 3-18). NY: Oxford University Press.
Rokkan, A. I., Heide, J. B., & Wathne, K. H. (2002). Specific investments in marketing relationships: expropriation and bonding effects. Journal of Marketing Research, 40(2), 210-225.
Rosenthal R. (1991). Meta-analytic procedures for social research. CA: Sage.
Rossell, S. L. & Nobre, A. C. (2004). Semantic priming of different affective categories. Emotion, 4(4), 354-363.
Rowe, A. L., Cooke, N. J., Hall, E. P., & Halgren, T. L. (1996). Toward an on-line knowledge assessment methodology: Building on the relationship between knowing and doing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 2(1), 31-47.
Rueckl, J. G. (2003). A connectionist perspective on repetition priming. In J. S. Bowers & C. J. Marsolek (Eds.), Rethinking implicit memory (pp. 67-104). NY: Oxford University Press.
Rumelhart, D. E. & Norman, D. A. (1985). Representation of knowledge. In A. M. Aitkenhead & J. M. Slack (Eds.), Issues in cognitive modeling (pp. 15-62). NJ: LEA.
Ryan, J. D. & Cohen, N. J. (2003). Evaluating the neuropsychological dissociation evidence for multiple memory systems. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, 3(3), 168-185.
Rye, J. A. & Rubba, P. A. (1996). An exploratory study of the concept map as a tool to facilitate the externalization of students' understandings about global atmospheric change in the interview setting. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, St. Louis, MO.
Sawilowsky, S. S. (2002). A quick distribution-free test for trend that contributes evidence of construct validity. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 35(2), 78-88.
Sciscape (2001):生物:腦的演化。http://www.sciscape.org/news_detail.php?news_id=412. (visited 06/20/05).
Schacter, D. L. (1996). Implicit memory: A new frontier for cognitive neuroscience. In M. S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The Cognitive Neurosciences (3rd) (pp. 815-824). MA: MIT press.
Schmitt, N. & Stults, D. M. (1986). Methodology reviews: analysis of multitrait-multimethod matrices. Applied Psychological Measurement, 10(1), 1-22.
Schmolck, P. (1999). WebQ. http://www.rz.unibw-muenchen.de/~p41bsmk/qmethod/webq (visited 07/10/05)
Schmolck, P. (2002). PQMethod manual. (Available from the PQMethod package, http://www.rz.unibw-muenchen.de/~p41bsmk/qmethod/pqmanual.htm).
Schmolck, P. (2005). The Q method page. Unpublished manuscript, University of the Federal Armed Forces Munich at Germany.
Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1990). Pathfinder associative networks: Studies in knowledge organization. NJ: Ablex.
Seger, C. A. (1998). Multiple forms of implicit learning. In M. A. Stadler & P. A. Frensch (Eds.), Handbook of implicit learning (pp. 295-320). CL: Sage.
Selby, A. (1995). Why slopes and more Math: A calculus primer (Vol. 3). Quebec: Author.
Shanks, D. R. & Johnstone, T. (1998). Implicit knowledge in sequential learning tasks. In M. A. Stadler & P. A. Frensch (Eds.), Handbook of implicit learning (pp. 533-572). CL: Sage.
Shulman, H. G. (1997). Priming. Unpublished manuscript, The Ohio State University at Columbus.
Siekpe, J. S. (2005). An examination of the multidimensionality of flow construct in a computer-mediated environment. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 6(1), 31-43.
Simon, M. A., Tzur, R., Heinz, K., & Kinzel, M. (2004). Explicating a Mechanism for conceptual learning: Elaborating the construct of reflective abstraction. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 35(5), 305-329.
Soledad, B. & Jos Manuel, R.(2004). Intact haptic priming in normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease: evidence for dissociable memory systems. Neuropsychologia, 42(8), 1063-1070.
Stadler, M. A. & Roediger, H. L. (1998). The question of awareness in research on implicit learning. In M. A. Stadler & P. A. Frensch (Eds.), Handbook of implicit learning (pp. 105-134). CL: Sage.
Steelman, T. A. & Maguire, L. A. (1999). Understanding participant perspectives: Q-methodology in national forest management. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 18(3), 361-388.
Steffens, T. (2005). Knowledge-intensive similarity-based opponent modeling. Proceedings of the 2005 IJCAI Workshop on Reasoning, Representation, and Learning in Computer Games (pp. 101-106). Scotland: Edinburgh.
Stephens, S. M., Rung, J., & Lopez, X. (2004). Graph data representation in Oracle Database 10g: Case studies in life sciences. IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin, 27(4), 61-66.
Stephenson, W. (1953). The study of behavior: Q-technique and its methodology. IL: University of Chicago.
Sun, H. & Zhang, P. (2004). An empirical study of the roles of affective variables in user adoption of search engines. Paper presented at the Third Annual Workshop on HCI Research in MIS, Washington, D. C.
Tecuci, G. (2001). Lecture notes on systematic elicitation of expert knowledge. Unpublished manuscript, George Mason University at VA.
Temple, B. & Marshall, H. (1996). Using concept maps to evaluate teaching and learning. Unpublished manuscript, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University at Melbourne.
Thomas, D. M. & Watson, R. T. (2002). Q-sorting and MIS research: A primer. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 8, 141-156.
Toms, J. M., Hontangas, P. M., & Oliver, A. (2000). Linear confirmatory factor models to evaluate multitrait-multimethod matrices: The effects of number of indicators and correlation among methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 35(4), 469-499.
Tortora, G. J. (2004). Chap. 17 CNS- Brain, spinal cord and their judgement function. Unpublished manuscript.
Uttl, B., Graf, P., & Cosentino, S. (2003). Implicit memory for new associations: Types of conceptual representations. In J. S. Bowers & C. J. Marsolek (Eds.), Rethinking implicit memory (pp. 302-323). NY: Oxford University Press.
Valenta, A. L. & Wigger, U. (1997). Q-methodology: Definition and application in health care informatics. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 4, 501-510.
Van Iddekinge, C. H., Raymark, P. H., Eidson, C. E. Jr., & Attenweiler, W. J. (2004). What do structured selection interviews really measure? The construct validity of behavior description interviews. Human Performance, 17(1), 71-93.
van IJzendoorn, M. H., Vereijken, C. M. J. L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Riksen-Walraven, J. M. (2004). Assessing attachment security with the Attachment Q Sort: Meta-analytic evidence for the validity of the observer AQS. Child Development, 75(4), 1188-1213.
Vecchio, N. D., Liporace, J., Nei, M., Sperling, M., & Tracy, J. (2004). A dissociation between implicit and explicit verbal memory in left temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia, 45(9), 1124-1133.
Vicari, S. (2001). Implicit versus explicit memory function in children with Down and Williams syndrome. Down Syndrome Research and Practice, 7(1), 35-40.
Vinter, A. & Perruchet, P. (2002). Implicit motor learning through observational training in adults and children. Memory and Cognition, 30(2), 256-261.
Wagenmakers, E. M., Zeelenberg, R., Huber, D., Raaijmakers, J. G. W., Shiffrin, R. M., & Schooler, L. J. (2003). REMI and ROUSE: Quantitative models for long-term and short-term priming in perceptual identification. In J. S. Bowers & C. J. Marsolek (Eds.), Rethinking implicit memory (pp. 105-123). NY: Oxford University Press.
Wheatley, P., Sergeant, D., & Mellor, P. (2003). A database design for representation networks. Unpublished manuscript, University of Leeds at UK.
Whittlesea, B. W. A. (2003). On the construction of behavior and subjective experience: The production and evaluation of performance. In J. S. Bowers & C. J. Marsolek (Eds.), Rethinking implicit memory (pp. 239-260). NY: Oxford University Press.
Wolf, R. M. (1997). Q-Methodology. In J. P. Keeves (Ed.), Educational research, methodology, and measurement: An international handbook (2nd) (pp. 417-420). NY: ESL.
Woosley, S. A. (2004). Q sort and student affairs: A viable partnership? Journal of College Student Development, 45(2), 231-242.
Wu, J. H., Wang, S. C., & Lin, L. M. (2005). What drives mobile health care? An empirical evaluation of technology acceptance. Paper presented at the 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Maui, HI.
Xu, J. (2003). The reform of teaching in General Chemistry: Establishing student-centred teaching strategies. The China Papers: Tertiary Science and Mathematics Teaching for the 21st Century, 2, 15-19.
Yeh, C. H. (2001). An analysis of knowledge structures by the Pathfinder method: Freshmen academic achievement in a psychology class. Journal of Education and Psychology, 24(2), 421-450.
Zechmeister, E. (2005). What’s left and who’s right in Mexican politics? A Q-method approach to understanding ideological labels in Mexican politics. Paper presented at the Conference on Surveys and Methods in Mexican Politics, San Diego, CA.
Zeelenberg, R., Pecher, D., & Raaijmakers, J. G. W. (2003). Associative repetition priming: A selective review and theoretical implications. In J. S. Bowers & C. J. Marsolek (Eds.), Rethinking implicit memory (pp. 261-283). NY: Oxford University Press.
Zhou, G., Brouwer, W., Nocente, N., & Martin, B. (2005). Enhancing conceptual learning through computer-based applets: The effectiveness and implications. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 16(1), 31-49.
 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
:::
無相關著作
 
無相關點閱
 
QR Code
QRCODE