Since the Nationalist government relocated to Taiwan, is committed to universal education. Our current educational system is divided into pre-school education, national education, senior secondary education and higher education in four phases. Compulsory education since 1968, extended to nine years, including elementary school and junior high school in two stages, and then in 1982 formulate the compulsory school regulations to force the enrollment of school-age children, so that each have the opportunity to receive nine years of basic education, and focus on five domains of balanced development, to strengthen the intellectual training. Looking at the development of national education in Taiwan in the past 50 years, school-age children enrollment rate to 100 school year up to 99.57%, showing the popularization of Taiwan's national education. In recent years, the government actively promotes the extension of 12 years national education, due to ill-defined concept of national education and compulsory education, leading to this policy caused quite a lot of the controversy, in fact the two are not the same, it is worth us to discuss. In 103 years, the imminent implementation of the 12 years the national education, many people care about that, this paper view of the development and significance of the compulsory education system, establish the concept of compulsory education, in order to distinguish from the concept of the right to education of national education and obligations education, and compare the compulsory education system in Japan, including the obligation of compulsory education, age and range, the main purpose in reviewing the lack of compulsory education system in Taiwan, as to extend compulsory education to 12 years of education policy reference.