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題名：美國大學教師評鑑制度之探討
書刊名：教育政策論壇
作者：蘇錦麗 引用關係／黃曙東
作者(外文)：Su, Jin-li／Huang, Shu-tung
出版日期：2009
卷期：12:2
頁次：頁1-44
主題關鍵詞：人員評鑑標準；大學教師評鑑；大學教師評鑑制度；美國大學教師評鑑制度；Personnel evaluation standards；United states of America；University faculty evaluation；University faculty evaluation system
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摘 要 於20世紀初，美國大學在不違反教師追求學術自由的權利下，開始建立教師評 鑑制度，以決定教師能否被聘用、續聘、長期聘任、升等及其敘薪水準，此套評估 教師實際表現的公平程序即為大學教師評鑑制度之濫觴。而我國於2005年12月28日 頒布實施之新修訂《大學法》中，首次要求各大學應在聘約中明確規範教師之權利 義務，以及教師停聘或不續聘之要件，同時規定大學應建立教師評鑑制度，對於教 師之教學、研究、輔導及服務成效進行評鑑，評鑑結果將做為教師升等、續聘、長 期聘任、停聘、不續聘及獎勵之重要參考。大學教師評鑑制度之建立與實施，涉及 複雜的集體協商、職責表現之價值判斷，以及運用評鑑結果之人事決定等相關政策 與法令。若規劃妥當並落實執行，除可提升教師評鑑方案之成效及避免可能之法律 訴訟外，亦可透過評鑑強化機構人力素質與整體效能。爰此，本研究目的旨在透過 文獻與文件之分析，以瞭解美國大學教師評鑑制度，包括發展、特色及其對我國大 學教師評鑑制度之啟示與建議，研究結果可提供各大學及教育行政主管機關未來規 劃、實施及評鑑大學教師評鑑相關政策、制度、工作時之參考。
Abstract Faculty evaluation system, which refers to the systematic assessment of a teacher’s qualification or performance in relation to a role or larger defensible purpose, has been used for quality assurance and/or professional development purposes and been swiftly taking center stages since 1980’s. The development of a new faculty evaluation system is a complex process in a complex social context that involves the collective bargaining agreement, judgment of the individuals’ performances, and utilization of their evaluation outcomes. An effective faculty evaluation system could be a vital tool for guiding personnel decisions; helping teachers improve their contributions and addressing pertinent legal issues in applying its results. On December 28, 2005, Taiwanese Ministry of Education reauthorized the Taiwan’s University Law to require all the higher education institutions to compulsorily establish their own university faculty evaluation system for the purpose of decision making on faculty promotion, reappointment, tenure, dismissal, discontinuance and reward. In addition, the faculty evaluation system was first initiated by the universities in the United States of America during the beginning of the 20th century. Therefore, the important issues with regard to the system are worthwhile for investigation. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper, via literature and documentation analysis, is to analyze the development and characteristics of universityfaculty evaluation system in the United States, and the inspiration of the system to Taiwan. The results of the study can provide Taiwan’s universities and the related educational authorities with the valuable and practical information for directing, implementing, assessing and improving their faculty evaluation systems.
期刊論文
1.Hutchings, Pat、Shulman, Lee S.(1999)。The scholarship of teaching: New elaborations, new developments。Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning，31(5)，10-15。  new window
2.Callender, K. E.、Wren, C. Y.、Ellett, C. D.、Loup, K. S.、Liu, Xia(1996)。Looking backwards with the Personnel Evaluation Standards: An analysis of the development and implementation of a statewide teacher assessment program。Studies in Educational Evaluation，22(1)，79-113。  new window
3.張倍禎、王健華(20020300)。大學教學優良教師評鑑指標的建立--教學資源中心教師評鑑個案研究。教學科技與媒體，59，46-62。new window  延伸查詢new window
4.Boffo, S.、Chave, D.、Kaukonen, E.、Opdal, L. R.(1999)。The Evaluation of Research in European Universities。European Journal of Education，34，325-334。  new window
5.Young, I. P.、Delli, D. A.、Johnson, L.(1999)。Student evaluation of faculty: Effects of purpose on pattern。Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education，13(2)，179-190。  new window
6.孫志麟(20070300)。大學教師評鑑的三項關鍵要素。評鑑雙月刊，6，36-38。  延伸查詢new window
7.Meyer, H. H.(1991)。A Solution to the Performance Appraisal Feedback Enigma。Academic Management Exercise，5(1)，68-76。  new window
8.Milanowski, Anthony T.、Heneman, Herbert G. III(2001)。Assessment of Teacher Reactions to a Standards-based Teacher Evaluation System: A Pilot Study。Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education，15(3)，193-212。  new window
9.Scriven, M.(1995)。A Unified Theory Approach to Teacher Evaluation。Studies in Educational Evaluation，21，111-129。  new window
10.Arreola, R. A.(1983)。Establishing Successful Faculty Evaluation and Development Programs。New Directions for Community Colleges，11(1)，83-93。  new window
11.蘇錦麗、鄭淑惠(20071200)。發展完善中小學校長評鑑制度應有之思維--人員評鑑標準第二版草案之觀點。北縣教育，62，28-36。  延伸查詢new window
12.Loup, K. S.、Garland, J. S.、Ellett, C. D.、Rugutt, J. K.(1996)。Ten years later: Findings from a republication of a study of teacher evaluation practices in our 100 largest school districts。Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education，10(3)，203-226。  new window
13.Wilkerson, D. J.、Manatt, R. P.、Rogers, M. A.、Maughan, R.(2000)。Validation of Student, Principal, and Self-rating in 360 Degree Feedback for Teacher Evaluation。Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education，14(2)，179-192。  new window
14.蘇錦麗、黃曙東(20070700)。世界重要國家評鑑專業標準與原則發展對我國之啟示。高教評鑑，1(1)，51-82。new window  延伸查詢new window
15.Stufflebeam, D. L.、Pullin, D.(1998)。Achieving legal viability in personnel evaluations。Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education，11(3)，215-230。  new window
16.王保進(20070700)。高等教育之研究品質評核機制探討。高教評鑑，1(1)，23-50。new window  延伸查詢new window
17.吳清山、黃旭鈞(20050400)。教師專業倫理準則的內涵與實踐。教育研究月刊，132，44-58。new window  延伸查詢new window
18.吳佩真、張民杰(20070900)。國內大學教師教學評鑑現況分析。評鑑雙月刊，9，9-15。  延伸查詢new window
19.張鈿富(20080400)。大學教師評鑑制度的建立。教育研究月刊，168，21-28。new window  延伸查詢new window
20.王旭、趙俊芳(2006)。英國高等教育的科研評估。現代大學教育，3，80-84。  延伸查詢new window
21.李建忠(2001)。印度高校內部人力資源配置和管理。比較教育研究，12，6-10。  延伸查詢new window
22.陳永明(2007)。大學教師聘任的國際比較。比較教育研究，201，37-41。  延伸查詢new window
23.劉莉(2004)。歐洲大學科研評價與撥款的相關度。復旦教育論壇，2(3)，70-74。  延伸查詢new window
24.韓玉志(2006)。美國大學生滿意度調查方法評介。比較教育研究，193，60-64。  延伸查詢new window
25.Aleamoni, L. M.(1999)。Student Rating Myths versus Research Facts from 1924 to 1998。Journal of Personnel Evaluation，13(2)，153-166。  new window
26.Barnes, L. B.、Barnes, M. W.(1993)。Academic Discipline and Generalizability of Student Evaluationso Finstruction。Research in Higher Education，34(2)，135-149。  new window
27.Feldman, K. A.(1989)。Instructional Effectiveness of College Teachers as Judged by Teachers Themselves, Current and Former Students, Colleagues, Administrators, and External (Neutral) Observers。Research in Higher Education，30(2)，137-191。  new window
28.Fossey, R.(1999)。Personnel Evaluation in Higher Education: A Mounting Call for Accountability。Journal of PersonnelEvaluation in Education，13(2)，115-118。  new window
29.Gose, B.(1998)。Average Tuition Rises Four Percent in a Year, More than Twice the Rate of Inflation。Chronicle of Higher Education，56-56。  new window
30.Hativa, N.(1996)。University Instructors' Ratings Profiles: Stability over Time, and Disciplinary Differences。Research in Higher Education，34(5)，625-646。  new window
31.Keig, L.(2000)。Formative Peer Review of Teaching: Attitudes of Faculty at Liberal Arts Colleges toward Colleague Assessment。Journal of Personnel Evaluation，14(1)，67-87。  new window
32.Mabe, P. A.、West, S. G.(1982)。Validity of Self-evaluation of Ability: A Review and Meta-analysis。Journal of Application Psychology，67，280-296。  new window
33.Marsh, H. W.(1979)。The Validity of Students' Evaluations: Classroom Evaluations of Instructors Independently Nominated as Best and Worst Teachers by Graduating Seniors。American Educational Research Journal，14，441-447。  new window
34.Marsh, H. W.、Overall, J. U.(1981)。The Relative Influence of Course Level, Course Type, and Instructor on students' Evaluations of College Teaching。American Educational Research Journal，18(1)，103-112。  new window
35.Mawdsley, R.(1999)。Collegiality as a Factor in Tenure Decisions。Journal of Personnel Evaluation，13(2)，167-199。  new window
36.McKeachie, W. J.、Lin, Y. G.、Mendelson, C. N.(1978)。A Small Study Assessing Teacher Effectiveness: Does Learning Last?。Contemporary Educational Psychology，3，352-357。  new window
37.Murphy, K. R.、Anhalt, R. L.(1992)。Is Halo Error a Property of the Rater, Rate, or the Specific Behaviors Observed?。Journal of Application Psychology，77，494-500。  new window
38.Norcini, J. J.(2003)。Peer Assessment of Competence。Medical Education，37，539-543。  new window
39.Rosenbaum, M. E.、Ferguson, K. J.、Kreiter, C. D.、Johnson, C. A.(2005)。Using a Peer Evaluation System to Assess Faculty Performance and Competence。Faculty Developmeng，37(6)，429-433。  new window
40.Seldin, P.(1984)。Faculty Evaluation: Surveying Policy and Practices。Change，16(3)，28-33。  new window
會議論文
1.孫志麟(200311)。評鑑什麼？大學教學表現指標之建構。提升高等教育競爭力：二十一世紀大學教育的發展國際學術研討會，教育部、國立台灣大學舉辦 。台北市。1-27。  延伸查詢new window
2.Loup, K. S.、Ellett, C. D.(1997)。Application of the Personnel Evaluation Standards to Local District Teacher Evaluation Programs: Analyses of 14 Cases。annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association。  new window
3.Seldin, P.(1993)。Improving and Evaluating Teaching。  new window
研究報告
1.彭森明、施俊名(2006)。大學教師評鑑機制之研究 (計畫編號：94A1004EI)。新竹市：國立清華大學高等教育研究中心。  延伸查詢new window
2.Scriven, M.(2005)。Critical issues in faculty evaluation: Valid data and the validity of practice。  new window
3.Rifkin, T.(1995)。The Status and Scope of Faculty Evaluation (ERIC Digest)。Los Angeles。  new window
學位論文
1.黃曙東(2006)。我國技專校院學生學習成效評估機制之研究(博士論文)。國立彰化師範大學。new window  延伸查詢new window
2.呂美花(2003)。我國技職校院教師教學服務考核指標之建構(碩士論文)。國立台北師範學院，臺北市。  延伸查詢new window
3.莊惠文(2000)。大學教學評鑑指標建構之研究(碩士論文)。國立台北師範學院。  延伸查詢new window
4.陳琦媛(2007)。我國公立大學教師教學評鑑之研究(博士論文)。國立政治大學。new window  延伸查詢new window
5.涂慶隆(1999)。國民小學學校教師會集體協商功能及其運作歷程之研究。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.蘇錦麗、黃曙東(2007)。人員評鑑標準對我國大學教師評鑑制度之啓示。教師評鑑與專業成長。臺北市：心理。  延伸查詢new window
2.Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation(2009)。The personnel evaluation standards: How to assess systems for evaluating educators。Corwin。  new window
3.Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation(1988)。The personnel evaluation standards: How to assess systems for evaluating educators。Newbury Park, CA：Corwin。  new window
4.Tucker, P. D.、Stronge, J. H.(2005)。Linking Teacher Evaluation and Student Learning。Alexandria, VA：Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development(ASCD)。  new window
5.Strong, J. H.、Tucker, P. D.、Hindman, J. L.(2004)。Handbook for qualities of effective teachers。Alexandria, VA：Association for supervision and Curriculum Development。  new window
6.Cross, K. P.(1986)。Using assessment to improve instruction。Cambridge, MA：Harvard University。  new window
7.Scriven, M.(1991)。The evaluation thesaurus。Thousand Oaks, CA。  new window
8.Beerens, D. R.(1999)。Evaluating teachers for professional growth: Creating a culture of motivation and learning。Thousand Oaks, CA：Corwin。  new window
9.張德勝(2000)。師範學院師生對「學生評鑑教師教學」態度之研究。台北：五南。new window  延伸查詢new window
10.Danielson, C.、McGreal, T. L.(2000)。Teacher evaluation to enhance professional practice。Alexandria, Virginia：Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD)。  new window
11.Shinkfield, A. J.、Stufflebeam, D. L.(1995)。Teacher Evaluation: Guide to Effective Practice。Kluwer Academic Publishers。  new window
12.Darr, R. F.(1977)。Evaluation of College Teaching: State of the Art, 1977。OH：The Ohio Academy of Science, Psychology Division。  new window
13.蘇錦麗(19970000)。高等教育評鑑：理論與實際。臺北市：五南圖書出版股份有限公司。new window  延伸查詢new window
14.Centra, John A.(1993)。Reflective faculty evaluation: Enhancing teaching faculty and determining faculty effectiveness。San Francisco：Jossey-Bass Publishers。  new window
15.日本文部科學省(2004)。2004年諸外國的教育的動向。2004年諸外國的教育的動向。日本，東京。  延伸查詢new window
16.日本文部科學省(2007)。教育指標的國際比較。教育指標的國際比較。日本，東京。  延伸查詢new window
17.Madaus, G. F.、Stufflebeam, D. L.(2005)。方案評鑑：歷史的回顧。評鑑模式：教育及人力服務的評鑑觀點。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
18.Arreola, R. A.(2006)。Developing a Comprehensive Faculty Evaluation System: A Guide to Designing, Building, and Operating Large-scale Faculty Evaluation Systems。Developing a Comprehensive Faculty Evaluation System: A Guide to Designing, Building, and Operating Large-scale Faculty Evaluation Systems。Bolton, MA。  new window
19.Boyer, E. L.(1990)。Scholarship Reconsidered。Scholarship Reconsidered。San Francisco。  new window
20.College Board(1998)。Trends in Student Aid: 1998。Trends in Student Aid: 1998。Washington, DC。  new window
21.Commission on National Investment in Higher Education(1997)。Breaking the Social Contract: The Fiscal Crisis in Bigher Education。Breaking the Social Contract: The Fiscal Crisis in Bigher Education。Washington, DC。  new window
22.Fossey, R.(1998)。The Dizzying Growth of the Federal Student Loan Program: When Will Vertigo Set in?。Condemning Students to Debt: College Loan and Public Policy。New York, NY。  new window
23.Glassick, C. E.、Huber, M. T.、Maeroff, G. I.、Boyer, E. L.(1997)。Scholarship Assessed。San Francisco：Jossey-Bass。  new window
24.Hansen, W. L.(1992)。Salaries and Salary Determination。Encyclopedia of Higher Education Volume 2: Analytical Perspectives。New York, NY。  new window
25.Moore, L. M.(1992)。Faculty Rewards and Incentives。Encyclopedia of Higher Education Volume 2: Analytical Perspectives。New York, NY。  new window
26.Mortenson, T. G.(1998)。How Will We Do More with Lessl the Public Policy Dilemma of Financing Postsecondary Education Opportunity。Condemning Students to Debt: College Loan and Public Policy。New York, NY。  new window
27.Stronge, J. H.(2003)。Evaluating Educational Specialists。International Handbook of Educational Evaluation。Boston。  new window
28.Studies in Innovation, Research and Education(2005)。The Role of Academics in the Bologna Process: A Survey of Participation and Views。The Role of Academics in the Bologna Process: A Survey of Participation and Views。Oslo, Norway。  new window
其他
1.Waller, S.(2004)。Conflict in higher education faculty evaluation: An organizational perspective，http://campus-adr.org/CMHER/print/waller5_1.pdf， 2009/07/20。  new window
2.夏妍，張懷菊(2007)。美國大學教師績效評價研究，http://211.153.22.135/esrnet/site/bjjykyw/jkyzyq/00223e00115cald7c4.ahtml， 2009/06/10。  延伸查詢new window
3.American Association of University Professors(2007)。Statement on Teaching Evaluation。  new window
4.American Association of University Professors(2007)。What Do Faculty Do?。  new window
5.Cashin, W. E.(1996)。Developing an Effective Faculty Evaluation System。  new window
6.Educational Testing Service(2002)。A National Priority: Americans Steak on Teacher Quality。  new window
7.Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation(2005)。Teacher Evaluation Glossary。  new window
8.Moore, W. J.，Newman, R. J.，Terrel, M. D.(2002)。Academic Economists' Pay and Productivity: A Tale of Two Counties。  new window
9.Robinson, D.(2006)。The Status of Higher Education Teaching Personnel in Australia, Canada, New Zealand the United Kingdom, and the United States。  new window
10.University Grants Commissions(2006)。Annual Report 2006。  new window
圖書論文
1.McLaughlin, M. W.(1990)。Embracing Contraries: implementing and sustaining teacher evaluation。The New Handbook of Teacher Evaluation。Sage。  new window
2.Scriven, M.(1990)。Teacher selection。The new handbook of teacher evaluation。Newbury Park, CA：Sage。  new window
3.Dwyer, C. A.、Stufflebeam, D. L.(1996)。Teacher evaluation。Handbook of educational psychology。New York：Simon & Schuster Macmillan。  new window
4.Cherry, R. L.、Grant, P. H.、Kalinos, K. D.(1988)。Evaluating full-time faculty members。Evaluating major components of two-year colleges。Washington, DC：College and University Personal Association。  new window
5.Iwanicki, E. F.(1990)。Teacher evaluation for school improvement。The new handbook of teacher evaluation: Assessing elementary and secondary school teachers。Newbury Park, California：Sage Publications。  new window
6.Stufflebeam, D. L.(2000)。Foundational models for 21st century program evaluation。Evaluation models: Viewpoints on educational and human services evaluation。Boston, MA。  new window
 
 
 
 
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