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題名：美國《各州共同核心標準》課程政策施行之研究：賓州個案探究及啟示
書刊名：教育政策論壇
作者：李逢堅 引用關係
作者(外文)：Lee, James Feng-chien
出版日期：2018
卷期：21:3=67
頁次：頁69-100
主題關鍵詞：十二年國民基本教育；各州共同核心標準；課程改革；課程政策；12-year basic education curriculum；Common core state standards；Curriculum reform；Curriculum policy
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2010年美國《各州共同核心標準》首次實施國家級課程標準，採能力取向目標。本研究從聯邦政府主導的教育政策之發展背景脈絡加以論述，同時，探究從聯邦政府政策實施到學區落實情形。研究目的有二：一、評析美國CCSS課程改革政策推動的可能問題；二、對臺灣即將於2019年實施素養目標的十二年國民基本教育課程改革的啟示。研究者在美國賓州一年的時間蒐集資料，研究分析以官方資料為主，透過與當地教育學者及實務者對談，協助釐清與掌握文化脈絡，以相互檢證，探究課程政策的實施。研究發現：一、賓州已經建立有利於課程政策落實到學校教師教學之教育人員評鑑制度，然而，憲法並未賦予聯邦政府教育權，以及學區制度設計，不利於弱勢學區課程改革的落實；二、政策制定推動只圖學生學業表現提升，並未解決弱勢學區問題；三、成也評量，敗也評量，評量在課程改革具關鍵地位。四、本次課程改革只限於英語文與數學兩科，其他學科改革進度落後或被邊緣化。此對臺灣的啟示，課程政策除目標外，教材內容與評量三合一，缺一不可。我國課綱政策推動的主力仍放在目標，教材內容與評量都尚待發展，欲在2019學年度推動，十分倉促。盱衡中央集權制度雖有利於推動政策，但缺乏教育人員評鑑制度，恐將是課堂落實的困境。
The ability-driven Common Core State Standards is the first nationwide education policy in the U.S. in 2010. This study explores CCSS policy adoption from the context of Federal governmental education reform policies, and the implementation at school district level, using Pennsylvania State as a case study. Two research objectives are: 1. the comments of the policy promotion, adoption and implementation; 2. the inspiration from the adoption and implementation of CCSS to the 12-Year Basic Education Curriculum reform in Taiwan, which will be implemented in 2019. The researcher gathered data in Pennsylvania State for one year. Research analysis focuses on official documents which are inter-investigated with opinions from the talks with education scholars and practitioners in their positions to clarify and understand deeply the developmental context of CCSS curriculum reform in the U.S. Research findings include: 1. PA has built educators evaluation system which contributes to the reform. However, Federal government has no legal right in education, and the fully independent school district system fails to improve academic achievement in low SES school districts. The reform might result in polarization of academic achievement among school districts. 2. The education policy targets better academic achievement but it resolves the problem at low SES school district. 3. Assessment plays a critical role in curriculum reform. 4. Those subjects excluded from CCSS become marginalized and disadvantaged at school level. The research has implications for the curriculum reform in Taiwan. Goals, material content, and evaluation are three essential elements in curriculum reform. Our policy mainly focuses on goal while material content and evaluation are left far behind. The centralization system is advantageous for the implementation in Taiwan. However, lack of educators evaluation system will challenge the implementation when teachers resist change.
期刊論文
1.詹紹威(20120600)。美國共同核心州課程標準倡議之探討。教育研究與發展期刊，8(2)，183-202。new window  延伸查詢new window
2.張佳琳(20130600)。美國國家課程時代的來臨：各州共同核心標準之探究。教育研究與發展期刊，9(2)，1-31。new window  延伸查詢new window
3.吳俊憲、黃政傑(20100900)。中小學課程政策改革之研究：九年一貫課程的回顧與前瞻。課程研究，5(2)，47-62。new window  延伸查詢new window
4.李寶琳(20140500)。美國《不讓任何孩子落後》法案政策之績效責任探討與省思。臺北市立大學學報，45(1)，1-20。new window  延伸查詢new window
5.陳成宏(20150500)。美國各州教育人員集體成績作弊現象與原因之探討。教育政策論壇，18(2)=54，31-57。new window  延伸查詢new window
6.鄭勝耀、Jacob, W. James(20150700)。美國《各州共同核心標準》之研究。教育研究月刊，255，5-19。new window  延伸查詢new window
7.藍順德(20030100)。教科書審定制度運作之問題檢討與改進建議。課程與教學季刊，6(1)，13-26。new window  延伸查詢new window
8.Ateh, C. M.、Wyngowski, A. J.(2015)。The common core state standards: An opportunity to enhance formative assessment in history/social studies classrooms。Clearing House，88(3)，85-90。  new window
9.Breakstone, J.、Smith, M.、Wineburg, S.(2013)。Beyond the bubble in history/social studies assessments。Phi Delta Kappan，94(5)，53-57。  new window
10.Durand, F. T.、Lawson, H. A.、Wilcox, K. C.、Schiller, K. S.(2016)。The role of district office leaders in the adoption and implementation of the common core state standards in elementary schools。Educational Administration Quarterly，52(1)，45-74。  new window
11.Frye, K.(2015)。Can the common core counter educational inequity? International legal lessons on closing the achievement gap。Indiana International & Comparative Law Review，25(3)，493-540。  new window
12.Kornhaber, M. L.、Griffith, K.、Tyler, A.(2014)。It's not education by zip code anymore-but what is it? Conceptions of equity under the common core。Education Policy Analysis Archives，22(4)。  new window
圖書
1.Ledger, S.、Vidovich, L.、O'Donoghue, T.(2014)。Global to local curriculum policy processes: The enactment of the international baccalaureate in remote international schools。New York, NY：Springer。  new window
2.Saldana, J.(2014)。The coding manual for qualitative researchers。London, England：Sage。  new window
3.Schneider, M. K.(2015)。Common core dilemma: Who owns our schools?。New York, NY：Teachers College Press。  new window
4.Wiggins, Grant、McTighe, Jay(2005)。Understanding by Design。Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development。  new window
其他
1.Chiaramonte, P.(2015)。High cost of common core has states rethinking the national education standards，http://www.foxnews.com/us/2014/02/05/number-states-backing-out-common-core-testing-maryland-schools-low-on-funding。  new window
2.Education Week(2014)。National landscape fragments as sates plan common-core testing，http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2014/05/21/32assessment_ep.h33.html。  new window
3.Education Week(2016)。Compare the candidates: Where do Clinton and Trump stand on education?，https://www.edweek.org/ew/section/multimedia/president- candidates-trump-clinton-education.html。  new window
4.Education Week(2016)。Common core: Where it stands in states，http://www.edweek.org/ew/section/multimedia/map-states-academic-standards-common-core-or.html。  new window
5.Education Week(2017)。Common core: Where it stands in states，https://www.edweek.org/ew/section/multimedia/map-states-academic-standards-common-core-or.html.。  new window
6.Frey, D.(2010)。Measuring adequate yearly progress: What "other" indicators count besides reading and math?，http://www.ecs.org/clearinghouse/87/98/8798.pdf。  new window
7.Kaufman, J. H.，Wang, E. L.，Hamilton, L. S.，Thompson, L. E.，Hunter, G.(2017)。U.S. teachers' support of their state standards and assessments: Findings from the American teacher panel，https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2136.html。  new window
8.Klein, A.(2016)。The every student succeeds act: An ESSA overview，https://www.edweek.org/ew/issues/every-student-succeeds-act/。  new window
9.Kornhaber, M. L.(2015)。What's behind the "opt out" protests against the common core?，http://www.newsweek.com/whats-behind-opt-out-protestsagainst -common-core-332560.。  new window
10.Lurie, S.(2013)。Why doesn't the constitution guarantee the right to education?，https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2013/10/why-doesnt-the-constitution-guarantee-the-right-to-education/280583/。  new window
11.McGuinn, P.，Supovitz, J. A.(2016)。Parallel play in the sandbox: The common core and politics of transpartisan coalitions，http://repository.upenn.edu/cpre_researchreports/85。  new window
12.Newsweek(2018)。Corrections to quality counts 2016，https://www.edweek.org/ew/qc/2016/corrections-to-quality-counts-2016.html。  new window
13.Parker, E.(2016)。Constitutional obligations for public education: 50-state review，https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED564952.pdf。  new window
14.Pennsylvania Department of Education(2016)。Understanding depth of knowledge and cognitive complexity keystone exam review of items，http://static.pdesas.org/Content/Documents/Keystone_Exams_Understanding_Depth_of_Knowledge_and_Cognitive_Complexity.pdf。  new window
15.Pennsylvania Department of Education(2016)。Standards aligned system: Standards download，http://www.pdesas.org/Standard/Standards Downloads。  new window
16.Pennsylvania Department of Education(2016)。Keystone exams: Civics and government assessment anchors and eligible content，http://static.pdesas.org/Content/ Documents/Civics and Government_Assessment_Anchors and Eligible_Content_October_2011_update-v4.pdf.。  new window
17.Pennsylvania Department of Education(2016)。Assessment and accountability，http://www.education.pa.gov/K-12/Assessment%20and%20Accountability/Pages/default.aspx#.Va9Dwvmqook。  new window
18.Pennsylvania Department of Education(2017)。Educator effectiveness administrative manual，http://www.education.pa.gov/teachers%20-%20administrators/educator%20effectiveness/pages/default.aspx。  new window
19.Pennsylvania Department of Education(2017)。Superintendent PK-12 requirements for position，http://www.education.pa.gov/Documents/Teachers-Administrators/Certifications/Pennsylvania%20Certification/Administrative-Supervisory/Superintendent%2ORequirements.pdf。  new window
20.Pennsylvania Department of Education(2017)。Pennsylvania school performance: Profile find a performance profile，http://www.paschoolperformance.org/SelectCounty。  new window
21.Pennsylvania Department of Education(2017)。The Pennsylvania system of school assessment English language arts item and scoring sampler 2016-2017 grade 7，http://www.education.pa.gov/Documents/K-12/Assessment%20and%20Accountability/PSSA/Item%20and%20Scoring%20Samples/2016%20PSSA%2015S%20ELA%20Grade%207%20Compliant.pdf。  new window
22.Pennsylvania Department of Education(2017)。Keystone exams literature item and scoring sampler 2016-2017，http://www.education.pa.gov/Documents/K-12/Assessment%20and%20Accountability/Keystone%20Exams/Keystone%20Exams%20Item%20and%20Scoring%20Samplers/2016%20Keystone%20ISS%20Literature%20508%20Compliant.pdf。  new window
23.Pennsylvania State Board of Association(2017)。How to run for school board，http://www.easternyork.com/files/uploads/4//School%20Board%20Files/PSBA_How_to_ Run_for_School_Board.pdf。  new window
24.Singer, A.(2013)。Campaign to add citizenship to the common core standards，http://www.huffingtonpost.com/alan-singer/campaign-to-add-citizensh_b_4256357.html。  new window
25.Slessarev-Jamir, H.(2017)。The status of the "right to education" in the United States，http://www.academia.edu/873422/The_Status_of_the_Right_to_Education_in_the_United_States。  new window
26.Supovitz, J. A.，Stephens, F.，Kubelka, J.，McGuinn, P.，Ingersoll, H.(2016)。The bubble bursts: The 2015 opt-out movement in New Jersey，http://repository.upenn.edu/cpre_workingpapers/13。  new window
27.U.S. Department of Education(2018)。Public Law print of PL 107-110, the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001，https://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/107-110.pdf。  new window
28.Vinovskis, M. A.(1999)。The road to Charlottesville: The 1989 education summit，https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/negp/reports/negp30.pdf。  new window
29.Weiss, J.，McGuinn, P.(2017)。The evolving role of the state education agency in the era of ESSA and Trump: Past, present, and uncertain future，http://repository.upenn.edu/cpre_workingpapers/14。  new window
30.Wasserman, D.(2016)。Why Pennsylvania could decide the 2016 election，https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/pennsylvania-could-be-an-electoral-tipping-point/。  new window
圖書論文
1.Cortazzi, M.(2002)。Analysing narratives and documents。Research methods in educational leadership and management。London, England：Sage。  new window
2.McGuire, C. K.(2008)。Meeting the challenges of urban communities: Funding school districts。Policy, leadership, and student achievement: Implications for urban communities. The achievement gap, research, practice, and policy。Charlotte, NC：Information Age。  new window
 
 
 
 
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