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題名：她們覺得不公平嗎?--女性工作者社會比較歷程之探討
書刊名：教育與心理研究
作者：徐富珍 引用關係／陳皎眉
作者(外文)：Hsu, Fu-chen／Chen, Jeaw-mei
出版日期：1997
卷期：20(下)
頁次：頁355-385
主題關鍵詞：社會比較對象；工作公平感；工作滿足感；性別角色態度；Social comparison target；Job equity；Job satisfaction；Gender role attitude
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(1) 博士論文(1) 專書(1) 專書論文(0)
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  • 共同引用共同引用:103
  • 點閱點閱:40
　　　　　從過去許多研究發現，女性工作者的滿足感與公平感，似乎高於她們實際獲得的 工作報酬－相較於男性, 女性無論在薪酬所得、升遷機會、或職業聲望等條件上，皆處於劣 勢地位，但是她們的工作投入、公平感、或滿足感等相關工作態度，卻並不低於男性。女性 工作者在客觀工作報酬上，似乎是「被剝奪」 (deprived) 的一群, 但是在主觀態度上, 卻 為何不會呈現出被剝奪後的負向反應或情感呢﹖根據公平理論與相對剝奪理論指出，人們的 公平感或滿足感, 主要係與他人比較為基礎，而與自己客觀地位的評量較無關聯。因此，社 會比較對於人們所覺知的公平感或滿足感，的確扮演了相當重要的角色，本研究的重點，即 在於探討女性工作者的社會比較歷程－我們認為, 在工作場所中，女性工作者進行社會比較 時，其參照比較對象的選擇，係受到個人的性別角色態度與其所處工作境環之影響，而不同 的參照比較對象，將會進一步引發其公平感與滿足感之差異。本研究採用問卷調查法，受訪 對象則為全職的女性工作者。樣本的抽取方法係依據行業性別比例條件－選擇男性佔多數的 行業、男女差不多、女性佔多數的行業，透過研究者之人際網路進行問卷調查資料的收集工 作，回收有效問卷為 191 份 (回收率 63.67%)。 根據研究結果發現，在比較對象的選擇方 面，女性工作者進行社會比較時，具有傳統性別角色態度者較會考慮比較對象的性別特徵， 而具現代性別角色態度者，則較不會考慮對方的性別。除了個人的性別角色態度之外，工作情 境亦是影響選擇比較對象的因素之一，亦即，處於「男性多數」部門當中的女性工作者，其 與男性進行比較的比例, 明顯高於處在「女性為主」部門之中的女性工作者，至於社會比較 的結果方面，女性工作者的比較對象為男性時，其公平感與滿足低於那些以女性為比較對象 、或是不考慮對方性別者：尤其是具有現代平權性別角色態度的女性工作者，其負向的反應 或情緒，較之具傳統性別角色態度者，更為明顯強烈。
　　　　　The purpose of this study is to explore the social comparison process of female workers in the workplace. Specifically, this study examines the effects of referent-target selection upon comparison. The authors argue that the selection of comparison targets shall significantly affect female workers' job attitudes, such as a sense of equity and job satisfaction. In order to answer these research questions, a structured questionnaire interview was conducted to survey a sample of 191 full-time female workers from three different types of gendered-occupations: the malemajority, the gender-neutral, and the female-majority. With respect to the effect of selection of social comparison targets, the results show that respondents with traditional gender-role attitudes, compared to respondents with egalitarian gender-role attitudes, are more likely to make comparisons on the basis of the gender of targets. Moreover, the female workers from the male-dominated departments significantly made more opposite-sex comparisons than those from the female-dominated or the gender-neutral departments. This study also found that female workers who choose male coworkers as their comparison target obviously feel more injustice and is present more dissatisfied than female workers who make same-sex comparisons.
期刊論文
1.Taylor, Shelley E.、Wood, Joanne V.、Lichtman, Rosemary R.(1983)。It could be worse: Selective evaluation as a response to victimization。Journal of Social Issues，39(2)，19-40。  new window
2.Reskin, Barbara(1993)。Sex Segregation in the Workplace。Annual Review of Sociology，19(1)，241-270。  new window
3.Hodson, Randy(1989)。Gender Differences in Job Satisfaction--Why Aren't Women More Dissatisfied?。The Sociological Quarterly，30(3)，385-399。  new window
4.Wood, Joanne V.(1996)。What is social comparison and how should we study it?。Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin，22(5)，520-537。  new window
5.Kruglanski, A. W.、Mayseless, O.(1990)。Classic and current social comparison research: Expanding the perspective。Psychological Bulletin，108(2)，195-208。  new window
6.Wood, J. V.、Giordano-Beech, M.、Taylor, K. L.、Michela, J. L.、Gaus, V.(1994)。Strategies of social comparison among people with low self-esteem: Self-protection and self-enhancement。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，67(4)，713-731。  new window
7.Singh, P.(1994)。Perception and Reactions to Inequity as a Function of Social Comparison Referents and Hierarchical Levels。Journal of Applied Social Psychology，24(6)，557-565。  new window
8.Wood, J. V.(1989)。Theory and research concerning social comparisons of personal attributes。Psychological Bulletin，106(2)，231-248。  new window
9.Yogev, S.、Brett, J.(1985)。Patterns of work and family involvement among single-and-dual-earner couples。Journal of Applied Psychology，70(4)，754-786。  new window
10.Wickwire, K. S.、Kruper, J. C.(1996)。The glass ceiling effect: An approach to assessment。Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research，48(1)，32-39。  new window
11.鄭伯壎、楊國樞(19770900)。影響工人工作滿足感的因素：領導方式、情境因素及人格特質。中央研究院民族學研究所集刊，44，13-45。  延伸查詢new window
12.Abbott, A.(1993)。The socioloty of work and occupations。Annual Review of Sociology，19，187-209。  new window
13.Achamamba, B.、Gopikumar, K.(1990)。Locus of control and job involvement among men and women bank employees。Indian Journal of Applied Psychology，27(1)，6-9。  new window
14.Bylsma, W. H.、Major, B.(1994)。Social comparisons and contentment: Exploring the psychological costs of the gender wage gap。Psychology of Women Quarterly，18，241-249。  new window
15.Chusmir, L. H.(1986)。Gender differences in variables affecting job commitment among working men and women。Journal of Social Psychology，126(1)，87-94。  new window
16.Chusmir, L. H.、Parker, B.(1992)。Success strivings and their relationship to affective work behaviors: Gender differences。Journal of Social Psychology，132(1)，87-99。  new window
17.Cooper, S. E.、Robinson, D. A.(1987)。A comparison of career, home, and leisure values of male and female students in engineering and the sciences。Journal of College Students personnel，28(1)，66-70。  new window
18.Crosby, F.(1994)。Understanding affirmative action。Basic an Applied Social Psychology，15，31-41。  new window
19.Harter, S.(1985)。Commentary: On the need for a developmental perspective in understanding child and adolescent disorders。Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology，3，484-499。  new window
20.Kay, F. M.、Hagan, J.(1995)。The persistent glass ceiling: Gendered inequalities in the earnings of lawyer。British Journal of Sociology，46(2)，279-310。  new window
21.Kulik, C. T.、Ambrose, M. L.(1992)。Personal and situational determinants of referent choice。Academy of Management Review，17(2)，212-237。  new window
22.Lorence, J.(1987)。A test of "gender" and "Job" models of sex differences in job involvement。Social Forces，66(1)，121-142。  new window
23.Lowe, H. R.、Witting, M. A.(1989)。Comparable Worth: Individual, Interpersonal, and Structural considerations。Journal of Social Issues，45，223-246。  new window
24.Major, B.、McFarlin, Dean B.、Gagnon, D.(1984)。Overworked and underpaid: On the nature of gender differences in personal entitlement。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，47(6)，1399-1412。  new window
25.Marini, M. M.(1989)。Sex differences in earnings in the United States。Annual Review of Sociology，15，343-380。  new window
26.Miller, C. T.(1984)。social comparison: A clarification of the related attributes hypothesis。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，46(6)，1222-1229。  new window
27.Moore, H. A.(1985)。Job satisfaction and women's spheres of work。Sex Roles，13(11/12)，663-678。  new window
28.Rosenfeld, R. A.、Spenner, K. I.(1992)。Occupational sex segregation and women's early career job shifts. Special Issue: Sex segregation and gender stratification。Work and Occupations，19(4)，424-449。  new window
29.Singer, M. S.、Love, K.(1988)。Gender differences in self perception of occupational efficacy: A study of law enforcement officers。Journal of Social Behavior and Personality，3(1)，63-74。  new window
30.Summers, T. P.、DeCotiis, T. A.(1988)。An investigation of sex differences in job satisfaction。Sex Roles，18(11)，679-689。  new window
31.Tesser, A.、Collins, J. E.(1988)。Emotion in social reflection and comparison situations: Intuitive, systematic, and exploratory approaches。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，55(5)，695-709。  new window
32.Touhey, J. C.(1974)。Effects of additional women professionals on ratings of occupational prestige and desirability。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，29，86-89。  new window
33.Van Yperen, N. W.、Buunk, B. P.(1991)。Sex-role attitude, social comparison, and satisfaction with relationship。Social Psychology Quarterly，54(2)，169-180。  new window
34.Wheeler, L.、Koestner, R.(1984)。Performance evaluation: On choosing to know the related attributes of others when we know their performance。Journal of Experimental Social Psychology，20，263-271。  new window
35.Wharton, A. S.、Baron, J. N.(1991)。Satisfaction? The psychological Impact of gender segregation on women at work。Sociological Quarterly，32(3)，365-387。  new window
36.Brewer, Marilynn B.(1991)。The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time。Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin，17(5)，475-482。  new window
37.Brewer, M. B.、Weber, J. G.(1994)。Self-evaluation effects of interpersonal versus intergroup social comparison。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，66(2)，268-275。  new window
38.Rosenfeld, R. A.,、Kalleberg, A. L.(1991)。A cross-national comparison of the gender gap in income。American Journal of Sociology，96，69-106。  new window
39.Steil, J. M.,、Hay, J. L.(1997)。Social comparison in the workplace: A study of 620 dual-career couples。Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin，23(4)，427-438。  new window
40.Tesser, A.、Millar, M.、Moore, J.(1988)。Some affective consequences of social comparison and reflection processes: The pain and pleasure of being close。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，54(1)，49-61。  new window
41.Jacobsen, Joyce P.(1994)。Sex segregation at work: Trends and predictions。Social Science Journal，31(2)，153-169。  new window
研究報告
1.陳皎眉(1987)。性別角色態度、個人現代性與逃避事業成就傾向及工作滿意程度的關係。  延伸查詢new window
2.行政院主計處(1997)。人力資源調查統計月報。  延伸查詢new window
學位論文
1.陳明穗(1986)。家庭型態、夫妻知覺一致性與婚姻滿足之關係研究(碩士論文)。國立政治大學，臺北市。  延伸查詢new window
2.莊淑芳(1993)。已婚職業婦女知覺之夫妻性別角色及成就差異性與其成功恐懼的關係(碩士論文)。國立政治大學。  延伸查詢new window
3.林淑姬(1992)。薪酬公平、程序公正與組織承諾、組織公民行為關係之研究(博士論文)。國立政治大學。new window  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.Marascuilo, L. A.、Serlin, R. C.(1988)。Statistical methods for the social and behavioral sciences。New York：W. H. Freeman。  new window
2.Veroff, J.、Douvan, E.、Kulka, R. A.(1981)。The Inner American。New York, NY：Basic Books。  new window
3.林清山(1987)。心理與教育統計學。臺北市：東華書局。  延伸查詢new window
4.Treiman, D. J.、Hartmann, H. I.(1981)。Women, Work, and Wages: Equal Pay for Jobs of Equal Value。Washington, DC：National Academy Press。  new window
5.Reskin, Barbara F.、Roos, Patricia A.(1990)。Job Queues, Gender Queues: Explaining Women's Inroads Into Male Occupations。Philadelphia, PA：Temple University Press。  new window
6.Crosby, F.(1982)。Relative deprivation and working women。New York：Oxford University Press。  new window
7.Rosenberg, M.、Simmons, R. G.(1972)。Black and Whiter Self-Esteem: The Urban School Child。Washington, D.C：American Sociological Association。  new window
8.U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics(1991)。Employment and Earnings。Washington, D.C.：U. S. Government Printing Office。  new window
9.Walster, E.、Walster, G. W.、Berscheid, E. S.(1978)。Equity: Theory and Research。Boston, Massachusetts：Allyn and Bacon。  new window
10.Kanter, Rosabeth Moss(1977)。Men and Women of the Corporation。Basic Books。  new window
11.Hurst, C. E.(1995)。Social inequality: Forms, causes, and consequences。Boston：Allyn and Bacon。  new window
圖書論文
1.Tesser, A.、Campbell, J.(1982)。Self-definition and self-evaluation maintenance。Psychological perspectives on the self。Hillsdale, NJ：Lawrence Erlbaum。  new window
2.Martin, J.(1986)。The tolerance of injustice。Relative deprivation and social comparison: The Ontario symposium。Hillsdale, NJ：Lawrence Erlbaum Associates。  new window
3.陳皎眉(1996)。工作與兩性關係。兩性關係。台北：國立空中大學。  延伸查詢new window
4.Baron, J. N.、Bielby, W. T.(1985)。Organizational barriers to gender equality: Sex segregation of jobs and opportunities。Gender and the Life Course。New York：Aldine。  new window
5.Levine, J. M.、Moreland, R. L.(1987)。Social comparison and outcome evaluation in group contexts。Social Comparison, social justice, and relative deprivation: Theoretical, empirical, and policy perspectives。Lawrence Erlbaum Associates。  new window
6.Nagata, D.、Crosby, F.(1991)。Comparisons, justice, and the internment of Japanese Americans。Social Comparison: Contemporary Theory and Research。Hillsdale, NJ：Erlbaum。  new window
7.Singer, E.(1990)。Reference groups and social evaluation。Social Psychology: Sociological Perspectives。New Brunswick：Transaction Publishers。  new window
8.Zanna, M. P.、Crosby, F.、Loewenstein, G.(1987)。Male reference groups and discontent among female professionals。Women's career development。CA：Sage。  new window
9.Adams, John Stacey(1965)。Inequity in social exchange。Advances in experimental social psychology。Academic Press。  new window
10.Lawler, Edward E., III(1977)。Reward Systems。Improving Life at Work: Behavioral Science Approaches to Organizational Change。Santa Monica, CA：Goodyear Publishing。  new window
11.Levine, J. M.,、Moreland, R. L.(1989)。Social values and multiple outcome comparisons。Social and moral values: Individual and societal perspectives。Hillsdale, NJ：Lawrence Erlbaum Associates。  new window
 
 
 
 
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