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題名:科學典範的後現代轉向及其課程意涵之研究
作者:黃永和
作者(外文):Yung-Ho Huang
校院名稱:國立政治大學
系所名稱:教育學系
指導教授:黃炳煌
詹志禹
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2001
主題關鍵詞:後現代課程後現代科學課程統整有機課程課程理論postmodern curriculumpostmodern sciencecurriculum integrationorganic curriculumcurriculum theory
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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  • 點閱點閱:794
自17世紀以來,自然科學在人類物質文明的成就,已成為其它所有科學的「模型」,也成了影響人類文化與世界觀的重要來源。在笛卡兒與牛頓等人的引導下,科學家們運用一種機械性的世界觀來發展並精煉他們的概念架構,這種機械性的概念架構被擴展到我們生活的每個層面,根深蒂固地深植在我們的文化裡。課程作為一門正式學術探究領域的誕生也因而感染了濃厚的機械論色彩,奠基於工廠機械生產模式的課程理論不僅成為課程研究的起源,同時也未被加以批判地成為現代課程理論的基礎。而更令人驚訝的是,自二十世紀初以來,自然科學在歷經幾次觀念革命,並明顯放棄現代機械典範而朝向後現代有機典範發展的時候,當前主流的課程理論卻仍然固守著過時的機械論思想。為了促進課程理論與實務的變革,我們必須尋求新典範的轉移。本研究的目的,便在藉由科學從機械典範到有機典範的轉移,批判現代課程理論的缺失,並探討後現代有機典範對課程理論的意涵,建議一種有機典範的課程觀,期以對我國課程的發展與改革有所助益。藉由理論性的課程探究形式,本研究指出如下數點結論:
一、科學從現代典範轉向後現代典範的特徵
綜合對現代科學與後現代科學的探討結果,本研究指出自然科學從現代典範轉向後現代典範的特徵為:(1)從機械論到有機論,(2)從原子論到系統論,(3)從決定論到非決定論,(4)從線性到非線性,(5)從他組織到自我組織,(6)從靜態封閉到動態開放,(7)從簡單性到複雜性,(8)從「主客體二分」到「觀察者參與」,(9)從現實性到潛能性,(10)從物件階層到關係網絡,(11)從二元區分到互補統合,(12)從獨斷支配到謙遜關愛。
二、現代機械典範在課程中的體現與批判
本研究指出,機械典範被體現在巴比特與查特斯的科學化課程編製、泰勒的基本原理、塔巴等人對泰勒模式的補充,以及Gagné、Glaser與Popham等教學設計者對泰勒模式的特殊化,而諸如行為目標運動、能力本位教育運動、精熟學習、成果本位教育、課程本位評量等,也都體現機械性課程的共通樣式,它們都可視為是「牛頓學說的轉世化身」。本研究並進一步分析與批判這些課程理論或模式的機械性特徵。
三、建議一種有機典範的課程觀
藉由後現代科學返魅的啟示,本研究建議一種「有機典範的課程觀」,試圖為課程理論與實務指出一條能使學習者恢復主觀性、內在知覺、內在經驗與內在演化能力的道路。此種課程觀的要點如下:
1、課程目標:應是「特定性」與「創新性」交互運作的結果。
2、課程決定:必須「賦權」教師與學生成為「課程的共同創造者」。
3、課程發展:課程必須是在學習的歷程中不斷自我組織與演化成形的。
4、學習經驗的特徵:包括多元整體性、脈胳性與自我組織等特徵。
5、學習經驗的評鑑:多元方式且「互為主觀」的成長性歷程。
四、啟思與建議
基於上述研究結論,本研究針對我國課程改革提出啟思與建議:
1、應將「課程」的定義直指教室實際歷程的師生互動經驗,將課程標準視為一參考與輔助的架構,將教科書視為教學資源。
2、有機典範的「課程統整」具有下列特徵:(1)課程統整是師生在教室互動的實際歷程中不斷演化開展的歷程;(2)就經驗型式而言,應強調多元與整體的認知參與型式;(3)就經驗內容而言,應試圖去使學科內容產生許多連結,產生脈胳化的意義;(4)應以促發自我組織的經驗統整為首要目標。
3、教科書審查制度必須超越現有的審查規準:好的教科書必須具有適度的不確定性、異例、混沌、不平衡、耗散與生動的經驗,方能激發教師、學生與教科書之間的不斷對話與自我生成,產生創新性的學習目標與探究行動。
4、依本研究探討範疇,建議有助於教師發展與實踐有機課程的專業能力之策略如下:(1)課程專家與教師專業成長團體的協同合作,(2)培養教師有機的自然觀與世界觀,(3)教師在教室情境中與學生共創課程的能力,應作為評鑑教師專業能力的關鍵指標。
5、就未來研究而言,本研究建議有二,一是探討教室實際歷程中的師生共創教育經驗之歷程,另一是開發故事、敘事與隱喻在課程建構中的潛能。
The purpose of this study is to explore the postmodern turn in science and its implications for curriculum. The study employs theoretical inquiry methodology to generate new understanding of curricular phenomena and processes. The results can be summarized as follows:
1. The differences between modern and postmodern science can be represented in the following shift of emphases: from mechanism to organicism, from atomism to systemism, from determinism to indeterminism, from linearity to nonlinearity, from passive matter to active matter (autopoiesis), from static-close to dynamical-open, from simplicity to complexity, from subject-object split to observer-participancy, from actuality to potentiality, from object-hierarchy to relationship-network, from either-or to both-and, and from assertive-control to modest-respect.
2. The tenets of mechanistic paradigm have directly dictated our conceptions of modern curriculum. It is reflected in Bobbitt’s and Charters’ scientific curriculum making, Tyler’s rationale, Taba’s curriculum development, and Gagné’s instructional design. Further more, the study analyzes and criticizes the mechanical characters of the above curriculum theories or models.
3. With the metaphors of postmodern science, this study proposes an organic paradigm perspective on curriculum. The main points are: (1) curriculum objectives should include “specific” and “ creative” ones; (2) teachers and students should be empowered as co-creators of curriculum; (3) curriculum development is indetermined; (4) learning experiences should be multiple, holistic, contextual, and self-organized; (5) evaluation should be an intersubjective process with multiple ways for the purpose of growing.
Based on these results, the study offers suggestions for Taiwanese curriculum innovation.
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 研究目的與研究問題 9
第三節 重要名詞釋義 10
第二章 研究方法論 20
第一節 理論性的課程探究形式與立場 20
第二節 後現代科學在課程領域應用的可能性分析 29
第三節 探究與論述的架構 36
第三章 科學典範的轉移 37
第一節 現代科學 37
第二節 後現代科學 62
第三節 機械典範到有機典範的轉向--哲學反思 125
第四章 機械典範在課程中的體現與批判 156
第一節 機械典範在現代課程中的體現 156
第二節 現代課程的機械特徵之分析與批判 187
第五章 一種有機典範的課程觀 220
第一節 有機典範的課程概念 220
第二節 有機典範的課程立場與支持脈胳 236
第三節 「共創教育經驗」的理論意涵與實務策略 248
第四節 有機典範的課程經驗之特徵 264
第五節 綜合討論與比較 290
第六章 結論與建議 305
第一節 結論 305
第二節 啟思與建議 330
參考資料 341
一、中文部份 341
二、英文部份 348
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