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題名:海上暴力犯罪影響因素與防制對策之研究
作者:楊俊宜
作者(外文):Chun-I Yang
校院名稱:國立中正大學
系所名稱:犯罪防治所
指導教授:楊士隆
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2009
主題關鍵詞:約略集合理論數量化Ⅱ暴力犯罪犯罪海上Rough Set TheoryMaritimeCrimeMaritime ViolenceViolent CrimeQuantification Method of the Second Type
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暴力犯罪現象伴隨人類走過漫漫長路,並無淡出之徵兆,甚而延展至海域,然而海洋不是犯罪的終點,而是犯罪現象的無限延伸,臺灣是一個典型的島嶼國家,以海洋立國,而海上暴力犯罪之發生,正抵消了我們的努力成果,因此,希藉由本研究之探索,以瞭解我國海上暴力犯罪之相關影響因素,並研擬防制對策,以降低海上暴力行為之發生。
為達成上述目標,本研究採量化分析與質性訪談並重之方式進行,在量化分析方面,係彙整1985年1月至2008年12月間之海上暴力犯罪紀錄計141件,應用頻次、卡方、數量化Ⅱ及約略集合分析法加以研析,以探索海上暴力犯罪之基本影響因素、暴力嚴重程度影響因素及暴力類型影響因素;在質性訪談方面,係針對三件典型之海上暴力犯罪案件之加害者、被害者、執法者及海上從業人員計15人,進行質性訪談,探討影響海上暴力犯罪之前置因素、誘發因素及情境詮釋因素;最後綜整上述暴力犯罪影響因素,提出研究結論與防制對策。
本研究經由量化與質性之分析後,主要發現如下:
一、在海上暴力犯罪紀錄之21個變項中,應用卡方分析發現,與「海上暴力傷亡嚴重程度(死亡、受傷、精神或財物損失)」具有密切關係者,計有9個變項,經再應用數量化Ⅱ理論分析這9個變項發現,對於傷亡嚴重程度之影響最大者為「加害者與被害者雙方之國籍」,顯示船舶中由於僱用大量的外來漁工,造成相當嚴重的「文化衝突」;其次影響強度依序為「犯罪動機」、「船籍地」、「加害者與被害者雙方之職務」、「船舶噸位」、「發生海域」、「落海因素」、「犯罪工具」、「出海日數」等,均對海上暴力傷亡嚴重程度具有不同之影響力,而其整體判中率高達80.85%。
二、海上暴力犯罪之五種類型--海上殺人、強盜(海盜)、傷害(重傷害)、挾持及恐嚇,經應用約略集合理論加以研析後,發現只要運用「暴力嚴重度」、「發生季節」、「犯罪動機」、「發生海域」、「船舶噸位」、「共犯因素」及「晝夜因素」等7個核心變項(24個核心屬性),其所建立的23項決策準則,即可將上述5種海上暴力犯罪類型準確的歸類,其分類正確性為100%。
三、在深度訪談三件海上暴力犯罪案例、15名受訪者中發現,海上暴力行為之發生,在前置因素方面,係受「認知扭曲」、「挫折-攻擊」行為、嚴重的「文化衝突」以及不良的「社會學習因素」之影響;在誘發因素方面,係受「飲酒因素」、「海象與船舶晃動因素」、「出海日數」、「工作與生活環境不佳」等因素之影響;在情境詮釋方面,係受當事人彼此間不良的行為互動、錯誤的情境詮釋等因素之影響所致。
就上述研究之發現,建議由下列三個層面,積極推動相關防制對策,以降低海上暴力犯罪之發生:
一、海上從業人員層面:船東(主)應慎選船員,改善船舶工作環境,注重船舶內部管理,妥適船員身心輔導,推動船舶上之情境犯罪預防觀念,強化危機處理能力,並消弭文化衝突所帶來的危害。
二、社會層面:健全外來漁工(船員)之管理制度,強化船舶幹部與漁工(船員)之專業訓練,社會工作體系之適時介入與協助,研議以他法補充船舶人力之不足,並在船舶中型塑優質的「跨國文化」。
三、執法層面:提升刑事司法互助,發揮犯罪嚇阻功能,強化海域執法策略,建立危機處理機制與程序,並強化勞務仲介公司之管理。
The phenomenon of maritime violence has come all the way with human being ,and has never faded away. The ocean is not the end point of criminal behavior ,but rather the new stretching frontier. To develop a maritime nation is the goal of this government ,and violent crime at sea counteracts the progress of a maritime nation. This paper explores the underlying factors of such heinous violent crime, and demonstrates the preventive strategies to reduce such maritime violence.
To achieve above goal, the quantitative and qualitative research method is introduced. In the quantitative research method, data is collected from Taiwanese court cases from 1985 to 2008. A total of 141 maritime violent cases matches the research criterion. After processing and analyzing the data by Chi-square test, multivariate analysis “Quantification Method of the Second Type” ,and “Rough Set Theory”, the following influential factors such as basic factors ,severity factors ,and violent type factors are obtained. In the qualitative research method, semi-structured nonstandardized interview is conducted. A total of 15 offenders, victims ,law enforcement officers ,and senior seafarers in three typical violent cases was interviewed to discover the antecedent factors, precipitating factors, and the factors of interpretation of situation.
According to the quantitative and qualitative research, the following results are obtained:
1.Among 21 variables, there are 9 variables relate to the severity variable of violence. This study employed the “Quantification Method of the Second Type” to determine what factors discriminate between the death, injury, and property loss cases. The order of importance of the factors is nationality ,motivation, harborage of the boat ,position in the boat ,boat tonnage , geographic location of the assault ,fall to the sea ,instrument of the offence ,duration of navigation. The 9 variables constitute a discrimination model and a relatively high 80.85% positive identification rate is derived.
2.By the implementation of “Rough Set Theory” , 7 core factors with 24 core attributes in the 5 types of maritime violence are obtained. They are severity of the assault, season, motivation, geographic location of the assault, boat tonnage, accomplice, time of the offence. The accuracy of the classification quality is 100%.
3.According to interviewing with three typical violent cases, the antecedent factors of the maritime violence are cognition distortion, frustration-aggression behavior, cultural conflict, and improper social learning. The precipitating factors are alcohol abuse, motion sickness, duration of navigation, and toxic work environment. As for the factors of interpretation of situation, they are misinterpretation of situation and unwholesome mutual interaction.
After completing the analysis, the preventive strategies are proposed as follow:
From the seafarer aspect, careful selection of the crew, improvement of management techniques among officers and crew, the implementation of situational crime prevention, and reducing the detriment of cultural conflict are important. From the social aspect, appropriate training of the crew, intervention of social work system, supplementation of fishing manpower, and fostering transnational cultural are essential. As for the law enforcement aspect, the international cooperation of criminal justice system, strengthening of law enforcement at sea, establishment of crisis management, and management of manpower commission merchant are necessary.
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