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題名:學校環境績效評估指標之建構與實證研究:以平衡計分卡為依據
作者:黃柏勳
作者(外文):Po-Hsun Huang
校院名稱:高雄師範大學
系所名稱:教育學系
指導教授:鄭彩鳳
傅粹馨
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2009
主題關鍵詞:學校環境績效評估平衡計分卡策略地圖二階驗證性因素分析複核效度environmental performance evaluation for schoolsbalanced scorecardstrategy mapssecond-order confirmatory factor analysiscross-validation
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本研究旨在以平衡計分卡為依據,建構學校環境績效評估指標,透過對國民中小學的實證調查,瞭解學校環境績效的現況。除了文獻分析,本研究尚採訪談法與問卷調查法等兩種方法。在訪談部分,本研究共訪問15位與教育現場相關之人士,結合環境績效相關文獻,形成預試問卷內容。再者,以立意抽樣方式,發出600份預試問卷。合計預試部分,獲得有效問卷510份,有效回收率達85.00%。此外,根據預試所得資料,以項目分析、試探性因素分析、信度分析、二階驗證性因素分析及複核效度檢驗進行統計處理。從分析結果得知:學校環境績效評估指標共有4個構面(財務、學習與成長、內部流程以及利害關係人)、10個向度(資源投入、節能效益、環境教育、成員態度、資訊系統、營運推動、空間規劃、污染控制、關係滿意度以及形象聲譽)與52個細項指標,且具有不錯的鑑別度、信度與效度。
本研究根據預試結果編製正式問卷,並以臺灣本島國民中小學為研究母群,採多階段抽樣進行實證調查。總計國民中小學正式問卷發出1055份,最後獲得有效問卷861份,有效回收率達81.61%。在實證分析部分,所蒐集到的正式問卷資料以描述性統計、單因子多變量變異數分析及迴歸分析等統計方式進行處理,得知學校環境績效的現況。綜合而論,本研究獲致下列結論:
一、以平衡計分卡理論為基礎所建構之學校環境績效評估指標,具有良好的鑑別度、信度與效度。
二、學校環境績效評估指標共包含4個構面、10個向度以及52個細項指標。
三、整體學校環境績效表現為中上程度,以內部流程構面表現最佳。
四、學校環境績效之財務構面為中上程度,以節能效益向度表現最佳。
五、學校環境績效之學習與成長構面為中上程度,以成員態度向度最佳。
六、學校環境績效之內部流程構面為中上程度,以空間規劃向度表現最佳。
七、學校環境績效之利害關係人構面為中上程度,以關係滿意度向度最佳。
八、國小之整體學校環境績效,顯著高於國中。
九、鄉、鎮地區之學校,其財務構面之環境績效顯著高於省轄市、縣轄市地區學校。
十、鄉、鎮地區之學校,其學習與成長構面之環境績效顯著高於省轄市、縣轄市地區學校,且成員態度向度顯著高於直轄市地區學校。
十一、鄉、鎮地區之學校,其內部流程構面之環境績效顯著高於省轄市、縣轄市地區學校,且營運推動向度與空間規劃向度顯著高於直轄市地區學校。
十二、鄉、鎮地區之學校,其利害關係人構面之環境績效顯著高於直轄市地區學校,且關係滿意度向度顯著高於省轄市、縣轄市地區學校。
十三、財務構面及其向度,能有效預測學習與成長構面及其向度。
十四、財務構面及其向度、學習與成長構面及其向度,能有效預測內部流程構面及其向度。
十五、學習與成長構面、內部流程構面,能有效預測利害關係人構面。
十六、財務構面之向度、學習與成長構面之向度、內部流程構面之向度能有效預測利害關係人構面之向度。
最後,根據研究目的、文獻探討以及實證資料分析結果,提出以下幾點建議,供未來教育主管機關、學校行政運作、學術研究社群以及後續研究之參考:
一、可利用本研究所建構之學校環境績效評估指標,進行學校環境績效評估。
二、國民中小學之環境績效仍有提升的空間,其中尤應加強學習與成長構面和利害關係人構面之績效。
三、教育行政主管機關應協助國民中小學設置再生能源系統,供教學使用。
四、國中的學校環境現況應有所變革,致力於學校環境績效之提升。
五、鄉、鎮地區之學校,較可作為學校環境績效改善之標竿。
六、本研究之學校環境績效策略地圖,可作為學校環境經營與管理之參考。
七、對後續研究的建議:
(一)持續發展本研究工具
(二)擴大研究對象之範圍
(三)採更多元之研究方法
The aim of this research is to construct the indicators of environmental performance evaluation for schools base on the framework of balanced scorecard and to understand the current status of school environmental performance through empirical study collected from primary & junior high schools in Taiwan. Apart from literatures analysis, this paper adopts two research methods “Interview”
and “Questionnaire survey”. In interview, a total number of 15 people who are associated in the education field were interviewed. The content of the pretest questionnaire was designed by combining interview results with environmental performance related literatures. Next, 600 copies of the pretest questionnaires were distributed by purposive sampling. By summing up the pretest results, 510 copies of effective questionnaires were obtained and the effective rate of return reached 85%. Besides, information obtained from the pretest was analyzed and compiled based on item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, second-order confirmatory factor analysis and cross-validation. The results derived from the analysis indicate that there are four perspectives (financial perspective, learning & growth perspective, internal process perspective and stakeholder perspective), ten dimensions (resources invested, energy-saving effectiveness, environmental education, members’ attitude, information system, operation drive, space arrangement, contamination control, relation satisfaction and image reputation) and 52 detailed indicators involved in the questionnaires of environmental performance evaluation for schools. Nevertheless, each indicator possesses a high degree of discriminant index, reliability and validity.
In this research, the formal questionnaire was designed based on the pretest results and used primary & junior high schools in Taiwan as research sample to proceed with empirical investigation by adopting multistage sampling. A total number of 1055 copies of the formal questionnaires were distributed to primary & junior high schools and 861 copies of effective questionnaires were received, which allows the effective rate of return to reach 81.61%. In terms of empirical analysis, information collected from formal questionnaires was analyzed by employing three statistical methods - “descriptive statistics ”, “one-way multivariate analysis of variance” and “regression analysis” in order to understand the status of environmental performance for schools. Following conclusions were obtained in this research:
1.The indicators of environmental performance evaluation for schools base on the framework of balanced scorecard possess a high degree of discriminant index, reliability and validity.
2.The indicators of environmental performance evaluation for schools contain 4 perspectives, 10 dimensions and 52 indicators.
3.Overall environmental performance for schools are above the average level and internal process perspective reveals to have the best outcome.
4.In terms of financial perspective, environmental performance for schools show above the average level and energy-saving effectiveness dimension reveals to have the best outcome.
5.In terms of learning & growth perspective, environmental performance for schools show above the average level and members’ attitude dimension reveals to have the best outcome.
6.In terms of internal process perspective, environmental performance for schools show above the average level and space arrangement dimension reveals to have the best outcome.
7.In terms of stakeholder perspective, environmental performance for schools show above the average level and relation satisfaction dimension reveals to have the best outcome.
8.Overall environmental performance of primary schools is much better than junior high schools.
9.In terms of financial perspective, environmental performance evaluation for schools in village or town areas are higher than schools in provincial city or county-controlled city.
10.In terms of learning & growth perspective, environmental performance evaluation for schools in village or town areas are higher than schools in provincial city or county-controlled city, as well as members’ attitude dimension are higher than schools in direct-controlled municipality.
11.In terms of internal process perspective, environmental performance evaluation for schools in village or town areas are higher than schools in provincial city or county-controlled city, as well as operation drive dimension and space arrangement dimension are higher than schools in direct-controlled municipality.
12.In terms of stakeholder perspective, environmental performance evaluation for schools in village or town areas are higher than schools in direct-controlled municipality, as well as relation satisfaction dimension are higher than schools in provincial city or county-controlled city.
13.The perspective & dimensions of finance can predict the perspective & dimensions of learning & growth.
14.The perspective & dimensions of finance and the perspective & dimensions of learning & growth can predict the perspective & dimensions of internal process.
15.The perspective of learning & growth and the perspective of internal process can predict the perspective of stakeholder.
16.The dimensions of finance, the dimensions of learning & growth and the dimensions of internal process can predict the dimensions of stakeholder.
Finally, based on the research objective, review of related literature and
empirical analysis results, followings suggestions are proposed to provide references for future educational official authorities, schools administration operation, academic research associations and follow-up researches:
1.Environmental performance evaluation for schools can be conducted by utilizing the school environmental performance evaluation indicators constructed in this research.
2.There are rooms for improvement in respect to environmental performance of primary & junior high schools, reinforcement should be made especially in the perspective of learning & growth and stakeholder.
3.Educational official authorities should provide assistance in setting up regeneration energy system or equipment for teaching purposes in primary & junior high schools.
4.The current environmental status for junior high schools should be reformed, primarily focuses on upgrading of school environmental performance.
5.Schools located in village or town areas can be more used as the benchmark for improving school environmental performance.
6.The strategy map of school environmental performance discovered in this research can be used as references for the operation and management of school environment.
7.Proposals for future researches:
(1)Continuously developing the research tools discussed in this paper.
(2)Expanding the scope of research targets.
(3)Adopting more diversified research methods.
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