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題名：翻轉教室融入論證探究教學模式之發展與學生成效評估—以遺傳單元為例
作者：鍾昌宏
作者(外文)：Chung, Chang-Hung
校院名稱：國立彰化師範大學
系所名稱：科學教育研究所
指導教授：王國華
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2017
主題關鍵詞：翻轉教室；電腦模擬；論證；探究；學習環境；遺傳概念；flipped classroom；computer simulation；argumentation；inquiry；learning environment；genetic topics
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本研究旨在探討「翻轉教室融入論證探究教學模式」的發展與實施，及對學生學習的成效。主要採準實驗研究法，研究對象來自臺灣地區北、中、南六個縣市的國民中學，共有15位教師與其所任教的36個班級共1005位學生參與。研究設計為探討不同「資訊科技融入程度」與「翻轉論證探究模式」兩種教學策略對學生學習成就、論證能力、與學習環境感受的影響。研究者將「資訊科技融入程度」由低至高分為無資訊科技融入、教師展示投影片、教師展示電腦模擬與學生操作電腦模擬，亦將「翻轉論證探究模式」分為三種不同的類型，包含：講述、AIR論證探究（論證Argumentation-探究Inquiry-反思Reflection, 簡稱AIR）與IPAD AIR翻轉論證探究，IPAD翻轉教室指的是課室教學前的自主學習的任務，包含文本引入、預習筆記、線上評量與觀看教學影片（Induction, Preview note, Assessment, Designed video，簡稱IPAD）。基於以上，研究對象依據教學模式的差異分為七組，分別為：傳統講述教學組、教師展示PPT的論證式探究教學組、教師展示電腦模擬的論證式探究教學組、學生操作電腦模擬的論證式探究教學組、翻轉教室融入教師展示PPT的論證式探究教學組、翻轉教室融入教師展示電腦模擬的論證式探究教學組與翻轉教室融入學生操作電腦模擬的論證式探究教學組。
課程教學以國一生物遺傳單元為主題，所有組別皆使用13節課，包含前測1節課、後測2節課，以及10節該組教學模式介入的遺傳學課程。傳統講述教學組為對照組，無資訊科技融入亦無翻轉論證探究，其餘組別皆為實驗組，課程全數結合Biologica電腦模擬軟體與AIR論證探究教學，且採用漸近的方式讓探究活動與論證活動交織進行。實驗組間的差異在於電腦模擬軟體融入的程度，以及是否有IPAD翻轉教室模式的融入。在資料分析的部分，學習成就部分蒐集遺傳學成就測驗前測與後測成績，進行二因子共變數或單因子共變數分析；論證能力與學習環境感受的部分，整理論證能力評量單與建構多媒體學習環境量表分數，進行二因子變異數或單因子變異數分析。
研究結果發現，「資訊科技融入程度」與「翻轉論證探究模式」兩種教學策略在學習成就與學習環境感受部分的交互作用未達顯著，但在論證能力的部分有顯著的交互作用（p = .005）。整體而言，接受AIR論證探究教學的組別其學習成效（包括：學習成就、論證能力、學習環境感受）顯著優於傳統講述組（p < .01）；不同「資訊科技融入程度」會影響學習成效，讓學生操作電腦模擬的學習策略顯著優於其它資訊科技融入程度（p < .05）；不同「翻轉論證探究模式」的類型亦會影響到學習成效，IPAD AIR翻轉論證探究教學的學習成效皆顯著優於其它組別。除此之外，透過學生的回饋，發現多數學生在操作電腦模擬軟體時不受英文介面影響，學生除了表達對於課程的喜好外，亦認為相較於課本中的孟德爾碗豆主題，結合電腦模擬的本課程更有助於學習。另外，學生也表達IPAD AIR翻轉論證探究教學的各個步驟都可以幫助其學習。研究者反思IPAD AIR翻轉論證探究教學模式還可再精緻化，而且實施IPAD AIR模式，可促進教師的翻轉論證探究教學的專業發展。最後，有關於教學與研究的建議也在內文中討論。
This study intended to investigate the development and Implementation of the model integrating flipped classroom into argumentation-based inquiry teaching and student learning performance. Primarily several quasi-experiments were adopted. The participants, including 15 teachers, 36 classrooms, and 1005 students, all came from 6 cities in the north, middle, and south cities of Taiwan. The influence of both the extent of information technology integration and the model of flipped classroom incorporated into argumentation-based inquiry on students’ learning achievement, argumentation ability and the perception of learning environment will be discussed. The extent of information technology integration was manipulated to variant degrees from the lowest integration of no integration, teacher demonstrating power-point slides, teacher demonstrating computer simulation, to the highest integration of student playing computer simulation. The models incorporating flipped classroom into argumentation-based inquiry teaching were designed as 3 types which included lecture, AIR (Argumentation-Inquiry-Reflection), and IPAD AIR (Induction, Preview note, Assessment, and Designed video before Argumentation-Inquiry-Reflection). The IPAD refers to the students’ learning at home before formal classroom instruction. According to the manipulation of teaching models, the participants were assigned into 7 kinds of instruction: traditional lecture instruction, teacher demonstrating PPT with argumentation-based inquiry, teacher demonstrating computer simulation with argumentation-based inquiry, student playing computer simulation with argumentation-based inquiry, flipped classroom incorporated into teacher demonstrating PPT with argumentation-based inquiry, flipped classroom incorporated into demonstrating computer simulation with argumentation-based inquiry, as well as flipped classroom incorporated into student playing computer simulation with argumentation-based inquiry.
The topic of instruction focused on the biological genetic topics from textbook in 7th grade curriculum. All the 7 kinds of instruction lasted for 13 classes including 1 class for pre-test, 2 classes for post-test, and 10 classes for the target heredity curriculum. The traditional lecture instruction functioned as controlled group which did not have any information technology integration nor flipped classroom into any argumentation-based inquiry. The other kinds of instruction were all experimental groups which used the software of Biologica computer simulation and AIR in the way of graduated scaffolding to access both argumentation and inquiry. The difference among the experimental groups lay in the extent of information technology integration and whether IPAD was incorporated. In regard with the data analysis, two-way ANCOVA and one-way ANCOVA were used to deal with the data from the pre-test and post-test. The data of argumentation capability and learning environment perception, drawn from the assessment sheet and the rubrics of constructing multimedia learning environment, were processed by either two-way ANOVA and one-way ANOVA.
The results revealed that both the extent of information technology integration and the model of flipped classroom incorporated into argumentation-based inquiry were not significant with respect to the interaction of learning achievement and learning environment perception. However, it was significant with respect to argumentation capability (p = .005). In result, all the classrooms accepted AIR outscored the others in learning achievement, argumentation capability and learning environment perception (p < .01). The extent of information technology integration could influence learning achievement. The strategy of student playing computer simulation could facilitate conceptual learning of heredity, relevant argumentation as well as the perception of learning environment (p < .05). The variant kinds of flipped classroom incorporated into argumentation-based inquiry would also influence learning achievement. All the participants who had accepted IPAD AIR had better learning achievement, argumentation capability, and learning environment perception than those who only accepted AIR. In addition, students’ feedback revealed that they could control the software even if it was labeled in English. They did not only confirm that they loved the curriculum but also expressed the integration of computer simulation was much more beneficial in learning the topic of Mendel pea plant experiment. Moreover, the strategies of IPAD AIR can facilitate their learning. Researcher reflected that IPAD AIR teaching model can be more elaborated, and the implementation of IPAD AIR teaching can enhance their professional growth on flipped classroom into argumentation-based inquiry teaching. Finally, the relative suggestion of teaching and research were discussed.
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