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題名:高職特教班專家教師及生手教師與學生語言互動行為之觀察比較研究
作者:郭慧龍
作者(外文):Hui-lung Kuo
校院名稱:彰化師範大學
系所名稱:特殊教育研究所
指導教授:王文科
呂木琳
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2004
主題關鍵詞:專家教師生手教師語言互動Flanders互動分析系統教室常規管理發問與回饋expert teachersnovice teachersverbal interactionsFlanders Interaction Analysis SystemClassroom management routinesQuestion and feedback
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本研究採「觀察者的參與」探究高職特教班專家教師及生手教師與學生語言互動行為間的差異,除利用Flanders Interaction Analysis System (FIAS)分析及比較專家及生手在FIAS的七種教師語言行為(1.接納學生的情感,2.稱讚或鼓勵,3.接受或利用學生的想法,4.問問題,5.演講,6.指示,7.批評學生或維護權威)與十二種師生語言型態的變項(1.教師話語百分比,2.學生話語百分比,3.安靜或混亂百分比,4.間接與直接影響比率,5.教師反應比率,6.教師發問比率,7.學生自發比率,8.教師即時反應比率,9.教師即時發問比率,10.內容十字區比率,11.穩定狀態區比率,12.學生穩定狀態區比率)上的差異外,並以軼事紀錄法探究兩者在「教室常規管理」及「發問與回饋」的師生語言互動行為上的差異。
本研究以合目標取樣方式,選取專家教師及生手教師各三人為研究對象。每位研究對象接受七節課的錄影。每堂課錄影帶內容依據時間流,每三秒鐘編上一個流水號碼,再進行互動語言類別的判別。判別後的數據匯入本研究開發之「Flanders互動分析系統輔助軟體」,可取得七種教師語言行為出現率及十二種師生語言型態變項。
本研究發現:
一、在教師語言行為部份:專家與生手的差異顯現在「演講」此一語言行為上,專家教師的演講行為顯著高於生手教師,至於其他六項教師語言行為在專家與生手間並無顯著差異。
二、在師生語言型態變項部分:專家與生手的差異顯現在教師話語百分比、安靜或混亂百分比、教師即時反應比率、內容十字區比率四種師生語言型態變項上,除了安靜或混亂百分比是專家組低於生手組外,其餘教師話語百分比、教師即時反應比率及內容十字區比率等三個變項均是專家組顯著高於生手組。至於其他八項師生語言型態變項,在專家與生手間並無顯著差異。
三、在教室常規管理部分:專家與生手的差異顯現在「處理學生偏差行為」及「常規紀律建立與維持」的語言互動。在「處理學生偏差行為」的語言互動上,可以看出專家與生手在「忽略」、「注意」、「隔離」、「面質」、「契約」、「處罰」等管教策略上的差異。在「常規紀律建立與維持」的語言互動上,可以看出專家與生手在「常規紀律的建立」、「教室儀節的要求」、「課堂秩序的維持」、「座位工作的檢核」、「親師生關係的運用」、「空檔時間的處理」、「增強機制的使用」、「同儕輔導的利用」、「意外狀況的處置」等管理策略上的差異。
四、在發問與回饋部分:研究發現:1.專家對選擇性緘默症學生有較多的鼓勵;2.生手對「互動機會均等」原則較在意;3.研究對象中有位生手教師的語言具有專家教師的特質。
為促進教師專業發展,改善師生語言互動的品質,本研究提出對專家教師、生手教師、視導人員、師資培育及研究機構、教育行政機關與學校行政單位及未來研究的建議。
The research used observer-as-participant to investigate the differences between expert and novice teachers on teacher-student verbal interactions in self-contained mentally retarded classes of vocational high schools. Besides using Flanders Interaction Analysis System (FIAS) to analyze and compare expert with novice teachers on the 7 teacher talk categories of FIAS (1. accepts feeling, 2. praises or encourages, 3. accepts or uses ideas of pupils, 4. asks questions, 5. lecturing, 6. giving directions, 7. criticizing or justifying authority) and 12 teacher-student verbal pattern variables (1. percent teacher talk, TT; 2. percent pupil talk, PT; 3. percent silence or confusion, SC; 4. indirect-to-direct ratio, i/d ratio; 5. teacher response ratio, TRR; 6. teacher question ratio, TQR; 7. pupil initiation ratio, PIR; 8. instantaneous teacher response ratio,TRR89; 9. instantaneous teacher question ratio, TQR89; 10. content cross ratio, CCR; 11. steady state ratio, SSR; 12. pupil steady state ratio, PSSR) to find the differences, the research took anecdotal records to investigate the differences in “classroom management routines” and “question and feedback” on teacher-student verbal interactions.
This research used purposive sampling to select 3 experts and 3 novices to participate the research. Every participant received video tape recording for 7 periods. The content of the tape, given a numeral for every 3 seconds according to the line of time, was distinguished with Flanders’ interaction analysis categories. The distinguished data was imported into FIAS software to get 7 teacher talk categories appearance percent and 12 teacher-student verbal pattern variables.
The major findings were:
1. Teacher talk categories: The differences between the expert and the novice appeared in lecturing. The expert were much superior to the novice. As far as the other 6 teacher talk categories were concerned, there was no significant difference.
2. Teacher-student verbal pattern variables: The differences between the expert and the novice were in TT, SC, TRR89, and CCR. The expert was inferior to the novice in SC, but much superior in TT, TRR89 and CCR. There was no significant difference in the other 8 variables.
3. Classroom management routines: The differences between the expert and novice appeared in student irregular behavior management and routine discipline setting and maintenance. The differences were found in supervision stratagem on ignoring, attention, time out, interrogation, contract, and punishment during working with student irregular behavior. There were differences in routine discipline setting, classroom etiquette demand, classroom order maintenance, seatwork inspecting, parent-teacher-student relationship implementation, time-gap arrangement, reinforcement flexibility implementation, friend guidance usage and unexpected situation arrangement.
4. Question and feedback: The findings were: 1. The expert offered more encouragement to elective mutism student. 2. The novice paid more attention to the interaction opportunity equalization. 3. Among the participants, there was a novice teacher with the qualities of the expert.
In order to develop teacher profession and improve the quality of teacher-student verbal interactions, the research provides suggestions to expert teachers, novice teachers, inspectors, teacher training department, educational executive organization, school executive organization, and future study.
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