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題名:諮商督導歷程中受督導者之反思實踐研究
作者:張淑霞 引用關係
作者(外文):SHU-HSIA,CHANG
校院名稱:國立高雄師範大學
系所名稱:輔導與諮商研究所
指導教授:廖鳳池
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2012
主題關鍵詞:諮商督導歷程受督導者反思實踐Counseling supervision processSuperviseeReflective practice
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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本研究目的旨在了解諮商督導歷程中受督導者之反思實踐內涵以及其脈絡變化情形。研究者透過立意取樣,招募三位在實習機構全職實習和社區機構接案之研究參與者,每週接受一次專業督導後並書寫受督導日誌,總共蒐集至少15次的受督導日誌以及2次訪談逐字稿作為深入探究的文本。
本研究採敘事研究法,邀請研究參與者敘說其在諮商督導歷程反思實踐的經驗,再依「整體—內容」和「類別—內容」分析模式來呈現研究結果。研究結果包括個別研究參與者以及跨案分析的反思實踐內涵和其脈絡,並針對研究結果進行綜合討論。本研究的結果如下:
(一)從個人角度探究反思實踐的內涵
本研究三位研究參與者反思實踐的內涵分別為:
1.探索當事人求助的全貌、以個人感受同理當事人、以當事人的角度同理當事人、訓練深層同理心、被當事人帶著走、掌握諮商時間、自我懷疑、個人議題干擾關係、像水一樣柔軟、依賴和自主的矛盾衝突等十個反思實踐內涵。
2.與原有諮商信念不一致、選擇人際歷程取向諮商、以自己的想法取代當事人、兼顧自己和當事人的想法、抗拒學校諮商的角色、從關係層次同理當事人的困難、抗拒自我情感融入諮商、真實接觸當事人的感覺、覺察不曾等待自己或當事人、感受督導者耐心陪伴反思等待的本質等十個內涵。
3.反思無法進入系統的原因、學習系統取向諮商、建構系統概念、趨避衝突缺乏挑戰、建立專業角色的認同、個人議題干擾諮商、真誠平等的關懷、運用系統學習內外一致、回歸存有本質的價值等九個內涵。
(二)從個人角度探究反思實踐的脈絡
1.從「以個人的角度」到「以當事人的架構」同理當事人;從「被當事人帶著走」到「掌握諮商時間」架構;從「個人議題干擾關係」到「像水一樣柔軟」的合作關係;從督導初期「關係自在」到督導後期「依賴與自主的矛盾衝突」。
2.從「與原有諮商信念不一致」到「以人際歷程取向諮商」為目標;從「以自己的想法取代當事人」到「兼顧自己和當事人的想法」;從「抗拒學校諮商的角色」到「從關係層次同理當事人的困難」;從「抗拒自我情感融入諮商」到「真實接觸當事人的感覺」的真實關係;從「不曾等待自己或當事人」到「感受督導者耐心陪伴反思等待的品質」的平行歷程。
3.從「反思無法進入系統的原因」、「學習系統取向諮商」、到「建構系統概念」的歷程;從「趨避衝突缺乏挑戰」到「建立專業角色的認同」歷程;從「個人議題干擾諮商」到「真誠平等的關懷」關係;從「運用系統學習內外一致」到「回歸存有本質的價值」等。
(三)從跨案分析探究反思實踐的內涵
1.反思實踐促發受督導者的信念決定理論取向,並知行合一的發展個人諮商風格。
2.反思個人的議題、個體存有本質,同時遊走於個人與專業之間並整合而為一。
3.督導關係需要督導者和受督導者雙方建構互信的關係、受督導者強烈的動機渴望學習專業、以及督導者提供鼓勵支持的氛圍。
4.以自我覺察為中心促發反思實踐並擴展文化意識與多元文化覺察能力。
5.反思實踐的樣貌有單一的,也有雙向的反思實踐。
(四)從跨案分析探究反思實踐的脈絡
1.前期專業反思實踐影響後期的專業養成。
2.以系統思考理解受督導者的專業發展是一種非線性關係,係從困頓、覺察、探索、觀察、嘗試介入、融合、修正回饋、再探索啟動下一個階段的變化過程。
3.反思與行動的關係包括行動前的反思、行動中的反思、行動後的反思三者之間以一個環狀循環不斷的運轉中。
4.反思實踐呈現單一迴圈學習和雙重迴圈學習交錯反思,並沒有一定的固定模式,反而是彼此交錯而更厚實了反思實踐的豐富性。
研究者根據上述研究結果提供若干建議以作為受督導者、督導者、培育諮商心理師教育或繼續教育單位、諮商心理師機構、以及未來研究者的參考依據。
關鍵字:諮商督導歷程、受督導者、反思實踐
The purpose of this study aims to understand the connotation of supervisee’s reflection practice and its context and development during a counseling supervision process. By means of purposeful sampling, the researcher selected three participants, whom are either undertaking a full time internship in relevant counseling psychology and practicum or working as a community counselor. The participants received a professional supervision weekly and kept a journal recording the activities and experiences. In total, there are at least fifteen supervisees’ journals and two interview transcripts were collected as the base research materials for in-depth analysis and inquiry.
This research adopted narrative research method and invited the participants to share their experiences of the reflective practice in the counseling supervision process. From which the collated information was then analyzed, following the analytical method of ‘Holistic – content’ and classification – content’. This study assessed and analyzed the participants’ connotations and contexts of their reflective practice experiences respectively and subsequently carried out a comprehensive study / discussion on the findings. The result of the study is as follows:
(1)Exploration of the connotation of reflective practice from individual perspective –
The participants’ respective connotations of reflective practice are:
1.Exploring the client’s overall requirement of help; using personal experience to empathize with the client; from the client’s perspective to empathize with the client; training depth of empathy; following the client; control the timing of consulting; self doubt; personal issues interference with relationship; being as soft as water; reliance and self contradiction and conflict – these ten of the connotations of reflective practice.
2.In conflict with the original consulting belief; choosing the approach of interpersonal process consulting; using self ideas/opinion in place of the client’s; giving considerations to both self’s and the client’s thoughts; resistance of the role of school consulting; from the relationship aspect to empathize with the client’s difficulties; resisting self emotions in consulting; genuinely in contact with the client’s feeling; awareness of never awaiting self or the client; sensing the supervisor’s patient and accompanying and essence of reflective and waiting – these ten connotations.
3.The reason(s) of reflective being unable to enter the system; systematic learning approach to consulting; constructing the concept of system; avoidance to conflict and lack of competitiveness; establishing the identification of professional role; interference of personal issues with consulting; sincere and equal care; applying systematic learning both internally and externally; returning to the value of being and essence – these nine connotations.
(2)Exploration of the context of reflective practice from individual perspective –
1.From ‘personal aspect’ to ‘the framework of the client’ to empathize with the client; from ‘leading by the client’ to the framework of ‘controlling the timing of consulting’; from ‘personal issues interfering the relationship’ to the relationship of cooperation of ‘being as soft as water’; from the ‘relationship at ease’ at the early stage of supervision to ‘reliance and self contradiction and conflict’ at the later stage of supervision.
2.From ‘in confliction with the original consulting belief’ to ‘interpersonal process approach to consulting’ as a goal; from ‘replacing self opinion with the client’s’ to ‘taking considerations to both self’s and the client’s thoughts’; from ‘resisting the role of school consulting’ to ‘empathize with the client’s difficulties from relationship aspect’; from ‘resisting self emotions in consulting’ to ‘genuinely in contact with the client’s feeling’ - a true relationship; from ‘never awaiting self or the client’ to ‘sensing the supervisor’s patient and accompanying and essence of reflective and waiting’ – a parallel process.
3.A process of from ‘the reason(s) of reflective being unable to enter the system’ and ‘systematic learning approach to consulting’ to ‘constructing the concept of system’; a process of from the ‘avoidance to conflict and lack of competitiveness’ to ‘establishing the identification of professional role’; a relationship from the ‘interference of personal issues with consulting’ to ‘sincere and equal care’ and from ‘applying systematic learning both internally and externally’ to ‘returning to the value of being and essence’.
(3)Exploration of the connotation of reflective practice from cross-case analysis –
1.Reflective practice helps the confirmation of supervisee’s belief and expands his/her theory approach; and assists in combining the knowledge and skill to develop individual counseling style.
2.Reflect on personal issues, individual inner characters and between personal and professional to integrate.
3.Between the supervisor and supervisee it is a necessity to build mutual trust during supervision relationship – supervisee’s demonstration on strong motivation in learning the profession and supervisor’s support and encouragement to supervisee.
4.Derive from self awareness to advocate reflective practice and expanding to cultural consciousness and multicultural observation ability.
5.Reflective practice can be unidirectional and bidirectional.
(4)Exploration of the context of reflective practice from cross-case analysis –
1.The professional reflective practice in early stage affects the professional development in later stage.
2.Through systematic thinking to comprehend the professional improvement and development of the supervisee is a nonlinear correlation. It is a progressive process from chaos – realization – research – observation – attempt of involvement – integration – adjust and feedback – further inquiry and start of the next step.
3.Reflective in connection with action fell into three successive phases - Reflective for action, Reflective in action, Reflective on action.These phases perform in a circular cycle fashion.
4.Reflective practice is a reciprocating process between single loop learning and double loop learning. There is no fixed mode in practice. On account of this reciprocation, it enriches the process of diversification of the reflective practice.
Resulting from the aforementioned analysis and study, the research has offered / proposed some suggestions for future consideration and reference for supervisor, supervisee, educational organizations and further education for counseling, counselor organization.
Key words: Counseling supervision process、Supervisee、Reflective practice
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