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題名:我國高等回流教育發展與評鑑指標建構之研究
作者:武文瑛
作者(外文):Wu, Wen-Ying
校院名稱:國立高雄師範大學
系所名稱:成人教育研究所
指導教授:蔡培村
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2006
主題關鍵詞:高等回流教育評鑑指標權重recurrent education in higher educationthe indicator or assessmentweight
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我國高等回流教育發展與
評鑑指標建構之研究
指導教授:蔡培村博士
學生:武文瑛
摘  要
本研究旨在探討我國回流教育的整體發展情形以及建構高等回流教育評鑑指標。為達上述研究目的,本研究採用文獻分析、焦點團體、德懷術以及階層分析程序法,來探討所欲解決的相關問題。在內容上,研究者首先就回流教育的概念演進歷程進行探究,論證回流教育相關學理基礎,接續分析西方先進國家及我國回流教育的實施概況,再根據教育指標概念及回流教育指標研究來初步建立高等回流教育評鑑指標的架構雛型,並輔以焦點團體討論來進行確認。之後,研究者以德懷術來進行指標性質與重要性程度的評定,並對指標架構、內涵進行增刪與修正。最後,再以階層分析程序法來瞭解指標相對權重的關係。以下是本研究發現、結論與建議:
壹、主要研究發現
一、在回流教育的演進歷程方面
(一)1950、60年代:概念形成前期-社會控制模式。
(二)1960、70年代:概念形成期-進步福利模式。
(三)1980年代:概念更迭期-自由市場模式。
(四)1990年代至今:概念統合期-學習社會模式。
二、在我國回流教育的整體發展方面
(一)我國回流教育的政策制定面:我國回流教育就政策制定的層面而言,最早可追溯到大學所實施的推廣教育及高中職以下學校所施行的補習教育,然遲至民國八十五年,「回流教育」一詞才正式出現在《教育改革總諮議報告書》上,並開始大力推動。據此,可以此年代為分界點,將我國回流教育的政策制定,二分為「回流教育隱含其他法令實施期」以及「回流教育具體政策落實期」。
(二)我國回流教育的政策執行面:我國回流教育的政策執行面,大體而言,可分為由社教司主導的補償體系回流教育、技職司推動的技職體系回流教育、高教司規劃的高等體系回流教育,以及中教司主事的教師專業體系回流教育等四大體系的相關法規與班別。
三、在我國高等回流教育評鑑指標建構方面
 (一)本研究之高等回流教育評鑑指標,計分為第一層次的四大指標系統、第二層次的十三項指標層面,以及第三層次77項的具體指標內涵:第一、「政策推動系統」:包括「計畫法規」、「帶薪學習」、「入學修業」等三項指標層面,共16項具體指標內涵;第二、「教學活動系統」:包括「課程設計」、「師資條件」、「教學實施」「學習環境」、「輔導支持」等五項指標層面,共29項具體指標內涵;第三、「行政機制系統」:包括「宣傳行銷」、「行政服務」等二項指標層面,共14項具體指標內涵;第四、「學習成效系統」:包括「內在提升」、「職場發展」、「社會參與」等三項指標層面,共18項具體指標內涵。
 (二)在指標性質方面,包含主要指標47項,次要指標30項;在指標重要性程度方面,「非常重要」的指標有41項,「重要」的指標有36項。
四、在我國高等回流教育評鑑指標相對權重方面
(一)在一級指標部分,「教學活動系統」占總體指標的權重分配值最高,為30.6%,其次為「政策推動系統」的29.0%、「學習成效系統」的27.3%,以及「行政機制系統」的13.1%。
 (二)在二級指標部分,最高者為「計畫法規」的13.0%,其次依序為「職場發展」的11.2%、「內在提升」的11.0%、「入學修業」的9.7%、「行政服務」的9.1%,以及「師資條件」的9.0%。
貳、結論
一、在回流教育的發展方面
(一) 在全球回流教育發展方面:
1、 回流教育的概念演進隨著社會變遷之趨向,可分為社會控制、進步福利、自由市場,以及學習社會等四種模式。
2、 終身教育運動順應全球化潮流而快速擴展,我國回流教育的發展亦與世界快速接軌,但政策內涵仍有待加強推動。
(二) 在我國回流教育發展方面:
1、 我國回流教育的發展以民國八十五年為分界點,分為「隱含於其他法令實施期」以及「具體政策落實期」兩個時期。
2、 我國回流教育的政策制定透過多元形貌來呈現,但以<終身學習法>為法源依據核心。
3、 我國回流教育的體系分成高等教育、成人教育與高中教育等三個階段,但以高等教育階段的實施為首要。
4、 我國回流教育的體制聯結完善,多軌多支,形成傳統正規就學途徑之外的多重選擇。
5、 我國回流教育的功利氣息過濃,並衍生如課程、師資、教學、行政,以及學習品質等諸多層面的問題。
6、 回流教育具多面向的政策統合特性的實施,需要不同部會、不同的利害團體共同協調制定相關政策並配合實施。
二、在評鑑指標的建構方面
(一)在指標架構方面:
1、 本硏究以「內容模式」為參照架構來建構指標,具有瞭解回流教育的發展全貌及指引未來方向之作用。
2、 本硏究以焦點團體與德懷術來發展高等回流教育評鑑指標,委員們提出指標修正之實務與理論的精闢見地,使本指標架構益形完善。
3、 評定委員對本硏究所建構高等回流教育評鑑指標之相關內涵,具有高度共識。
4、 本硏究所建構的高等回流教育指標以「主要指標」居多,且未出現「參考指標」之評定,顯見具有極高的應用價值。
5、 本硏究所建構的高等回流教育指標以「非常重要」者居多,顯見在實際應用具有高度的重要性。
6、 本硏究所建構的評鑑指標,經過多階段的淬煉,具備描述、詮釋、評估與驗證我國高等回流教育實施成效的重要參考依據。
(二)在相對權重方面:
1、 本硏究建構之相對權重體系,各委員通過邏輯一致性及階層一致性考驗的情形,達到非常理想的境界,使資料分析更具效度。
2、 本硏究建構的相對權重體系,第一層級以「教學活動」、「政策推動」、「學習成效」等系統為最高;第二層級則為「計畫法規」、「職場發展」,以及「內在提升」等層面。
參、建議
一、對教育行政機關之建議
(一)在政策推動方面:
1、 將回流教育政策之主導層次拉高至行政院層級,對於各部會有關回流教育進修活動的統合會更具效益。
2、 規劃放寬大學入學條件,推動「廿五:四規則」的入學原則,以營造終身學習社會。
3、 建立成人學力鑑定制度,成立認可的學習成就認證機構,使非正規、非正式學習得以和正規學習相銜接。
4、 授權各高等校院,自行推動彈性學位授予計畫。
5、 訂定企業帶薪學習「具體」獎勵之規準及方式。
6、 有效整合學習資源,建制高等回流教育政策資訊網,成立各類學習重點中心學校。
(二)在評鑑施行方面:
1、 建議教育部參考本硏究建構之高等回流教育評鑑指標,擬定「高等回流教育學習目標」,並據以實施。
2、 將學校評鑑內容結合本硏究評鑑指標,全盤整合來加以實施。
3、 定期督導考核高等回流教育實施成效,分等級嚴格進行品質管控,對實施良好的學校給予獎勵,不佳者限期改善複評。
二、對學校教育單位之建議
(一)對傳統觀念革新方面的建議:
1、 將回流教育和人力資源發展相結合,與企業結合來開設相關班別。
2、 整合資源運用,建立學校與學校、學校與社區及企業的合作夥伴關係或策略聯盟,提升人員與物質的應用成效。
3、 進行高等回流教育的供需狀況調查,主動符應民眾需求。
4、 針對業主宣導員工參與回流教育的社會及企業利益。
(二)對入學條業方面的建議:
1、 放寬修業年限,實施彈性的學年學分制及設計「零存整付」的學分修習方式。
2、 加強辦理學分抵免及跨校學分轉移,使不同時間、不同地點的學習成就得以轉換銜接。
3、 強化品質管制,入學從寬,把關則嚴,並訂定每學期最高修習學分及最低畢業年限,期能長期涵化內在智能,進行長期的終身學習。
(三)對課程設計方面的建議:
1、 梳理正視功利主義帶來的負面影響,加強回流教育有關人文、博雅的通識課程開設。
2、 針對特定課程類型,依不同深度與特性設計學分課程的群組,讓學員進行系統化的整體學習。
3、 設計跨校合作的課程,或與企業界共同進行課程設計。
(四)對師資條件方面的建議:
1、 制定彈性的師資聘用方式,除能符合實務性課程教學的需求外,也能減輕全職教師的負擔,提昇教學品質。
2、 聘用具成人教育專業背景的教師,並定期辦理相關的硏習活動或進行線上說明,使教師均能具備成人教學的專業素養。
(五)對教學實施方面的建議:
1、 重視批判與創造的啟發,強化經驗與學術融彙的教學方式。
2、 運用網路及其他多媒體來設計教學課程,提升教學效能。
(六)對行政服務方面的建議:
1、 聘任具專業智能的專職行政人員。
2、 建制可於現場或線上完成的雙軌行政服務系統。
(七)對提升實施成效方面的建議:
1、 應用本硏究高等回流教育評鑑指標之權重體系,擬定檢核表,訂定具體施行方案及推動重點計畫。
2、 根據推動計畫建立常態性的評鑑機制,定時辦理內部評鑑,並設置回饋改善的整體循環系統。
三、對雇主之建議
(一)企業應配合政府政策實施帶薪學習制度,而政府也應和雇主、工會進行多邊協商,訂出各方均能滿意的學習方案。
(二)在知識經濟時代,企業的「服務」智慧資產儼然已取代「實體」的外在資產,亦即投資人力資本,即是投資未來。
四、對進一步硏究的建議
(一)將硏究範圍擴展至推廣教育部分,甚至是高中或國中小部分的回流教育體系。
(二)在硏究對象方面,加入社區組織領導者、工會代表以及在學學員。
(三)進行量化指數的建立。
(四)針對本硏究所發展的高等回流教育評鑑指標架構系統、層面與內涵細項進行深入的檢視與驗證。
The Research of Recurrent Education in Higher Education Development and Construction for the Indicator of Assessment
Advisor:Dr. Tsai, Pei-Tsuen
Student:Wu, Wen-Ying
Abstract
This research is to discuss the development of the recurrent education in our country and the construction for the indicator of assessment of recurrent education in higher education. In order to achieve the research purpose, we use the Documentary Analysis, Focus Group, Delphi Method and the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) to discuss the process of recurrent education concept to prove the theoretical cornerstone of recurrent education. Secondly, analyze the implementation situation of recurrent education in Western countries and the situation in our country. Furthermore, establish the indicator of assessment for recurrent education in higher education, basing on the educational standard concept and recurrent education concept and confirm by the discussion of Focus Group, assess the nature of the benchmark and the degree of importance with Delphi Method, and then amend the construction and the content of benchmark. Finally, designed a questionnaire for indicators weights of higher recurrent education according to the survey result of the Delphi questionnaire to form the indicators weights system for higher recurrent education.
一、The main findings of research
(一)The Processing of Recurrent Education
1.1950’s ~ 1960’s:preliminary concept period - social control model.
2.1960’s ~ 1970’s:completed concept period - advance welfare model.
3.1980’s:transitional concept period - free market model.
4.1990’s ~ nowadays:learning society model.
(二)The total development of our recurrent education
1.The policy of our recurrent education:In terms of the level of recurrent education policy, we can reach back the further study in the universities and the after-school learning in high schools and primary schools. The term “recurrent education” appeared on the article of “Educational Revolution” in 1996. The recurrent education had been promoted since then. Therefore, the year 1996 is a landmark to divide the recurrent education policy into “the practice of recurrent education period” and “the implementation of recurrent education period.”
2.The practice of recurrent education policy:Generally, we can divide it into four parts:compensatory recurrent education of the department of social education, technician recurrent education of the department of technician ,the recurrent education in higher education of the higher education department and the professional recurrent education of the middle educational department.
(三)The construction of indicator of assessment in our recurrent education
1.The indicator of assessment of the our research include the 4 indicators system of the first level, the 13 indicators of the second level and the 77 concrete indicators. Firstly, policy promoting system includes the indicators of scheme regulation, learning with salary, in-school learning, totally 16 concrete indicators. Secondly, teaching system includes 5 indicators:design of curriculum , condition of teachers, implementation of teaching, environment of learning and the support of consult totally 29 concrete indicators. Thirdly, administration system includes 2 indicators: the propaganda of marketing,the service of administration, totally 14 concrete indicators. Fourthly, learning efficiency system includes 3 indicators:inner enhancement,carrier development, social participation, totally 18 concrete indicators.
2.The characteristics of indicators includes 47 major indicators and 30 subsidiary indicators. The degree of importance includes 41 extremely important indicators and 36 important indicators.
(四)The indicators weight of assessment in recurrent education of higher education
1.The first level:Teaching systems play the most important role in this part, accounting for 30.6%, while the policy promoting system 29%, learning efficiency system 27.3%, the administration system 13.1%.
2.The second level:Scheme regulation is the highest one, accounting for 13%, while the carrier development,11.2%, inner enhancement 11% , in school learning 9.7% ,administration service 9.1%, the condition of teachers 9%.
二、Conclusion
(一)In the development of recurrent education
1.In the development of global recurrent education:
(1)The concept of recurrent education changes with the social transit tendency. They are divided into 4 models including social control, advance welfare, free market and learning society.
(2)The global tendency of lifelong education expands rapidly. Our development of recurrent education also catches up with the world in a short time. However, we still have to promote the policy.
2.Our development of recurrent education:
(1)The year 1996 is the landmark of our recurrent education. The development is divided into the period of regulation practice and the period of implementation.
(2)The recurrent education policy is demonstrated in many ways. However the core is “The law of lifelong“.
(3)Our recurrent education systems are divided into steps: higher education, adult education and high school education. The higher education plays the most important role.
(4)The connection of our recurrent education is nearly perfect. It is one of our multiple choices of learning except the conventional learning.
(5)Our recurrent education is kind of utilitarian and causes many problems such as curricula, teachers, teaching and administration.
(6)The different departments and groups should cooperate with each other for the policy of unification of recurrent education.
(二)The construction of the indicators of assessment
1.The construction of indicator:
(1)This research makes the indicators up by the reference of “contents model” in order to understand the future development of recurrent education.
(2)This research develops the indicators of assessment in recurrent education by using “Focus Group” and “Delphi Method”. The commissioners offer both the practical and theoretical advices to make the indicators even better.
(3)Assessment Commissioners all have common sense for the indicators of assessment in higher recurrent education.
(4)The “main indicators” are the major parts of the higher recurrent education indicators. Therefore it is very valuable.
(5)The “extremely important indicators” are the major parts of the higher recurrent education indicator. They are very important and useful for the practice.
(6)The indicators of assessment in this research are the important references of our recurrent education in higher education.
2.The weight of indicator:
(1)All of the commissioners pass the test of coincidence in logic and hierarchy. It makes the analysis of the data more persuasive.
(2)The teaching system, policy promoting system and learning efficiency system are the most important parts in the first level. The scheme regulation, carrier development and inner enhancement belong to the second level.
二、Suggestions
(一)Suggestions to educational administration
1. To the policy of promotion:
(1)Lift the main guiding level of recurrent education policy to the level of Executive Yuan. It will help the integration of recurrent education study activities for all departments.
(2)Loosen the requirements for university admittance. Promote 「rule 25:4」:the admittance regulation,to develop lifelong learning society.
(3)Set up assessment regulation for adult knowledge, found the qualified administration for learning assessment to connect the informal and formal learning.
(4)Authorize higher colleges to promote the flexible diploma issuing plan.
(5)Formulate the regulation for enterprise concrete reward as learning with salary.
(6)Integrate learning resources effectively, set up higher recurrent education policy information web, found different learning point center schools.
2.On assessment:
(1)Suggest Education Ministry to consult the higher recurrent education assessment indicator founded by this research to formulate the learning goals of higher recurrent education and carry out accordingly.
(2)Combine school assessment and assessment indicator founded by this research to carry out.
(3)Supervise the effect of higher recurrent education periodical, carry out strict quality control under different degrees, award the schools with good effects and reassess schools with bad effects.
(二)Suggestions for education unit of school
1. Suggestions to traditional concept innovation:
(1)Combine recurrent education, personnel resources and enterprise to set up related classes.
(2)Integrate resources ; build up partnership between school and school, school and society, school and enterprise;strengthen the application effects of personnel and materials.
(3)Survey the demand and offer of higher recurrent education to meet the demand of people actively.
(4)Promote the society interest and enterprise interest produced by employee’s participation in recurrent education to employer.
2. Suggestions to admittance and learning:
(1)Extend the learning years, implement flexible credits system and design installment plan for learning.
(2)Put the exchange of credits and the transfer of different school’s credits in practice, enable the transfer and connection of learning in different time or place.
(3)Strengthen quality control, loosen admittance, strict examination, set up the most credits in a semester and the least learning years to chronically strengthen internal intelligence and conduct lifelong learning.
3.Suggestions to design of curricula:
(1)Face the passive impact of utilitarianism , open the humane studies in recurrent education.
(2)Design class groups of different depth and natures for specific curriculum, let students learn systematically.
(3)Design curricula of trans-school cooperation or design curricula with enterprise.
4. Suggestions to requirements for teacher:
(1)Set up flexible recruitment ways of teacher to meet the need of teaching of practical curriculum, lessen the burden of full time teacher as well, lift the teaching quality.
(2)Hire teachers with professional background of adult education, periodically conduct related seminars or offer information by internet to make teachers have the professional qualification of adult education.
5. Suggestions to teaching:
(1)Emphasize the inspiration of criticism and creation, strengthen the teaching manners which combine experience and academy.
(2)Use internet and multi-media to design curricula and elevate teaching effects.
6.Suggestions to administrative service:
(1)Employ full time administrative personnel with professional knowledge.
(2)Set up two-rail administrative service system whether on the spot or by internet.
7.Suggestions to elevation of implementation effects.
(1)Apply the weight system of higher recurrent education assessment indicator to formulate check up form, concrete implementation plan and promote point plans.
(2)Build up constant assessment system according to point plans, periodically conduct internal assessment and set up a whole cycling system for return and improvement.
(三)Suggestions to employers
1.Enterprise should go along with government policy to fulfill learning with paid system;government should also hold a multi-lateral consultation with employer and labor union to formulate a learning plan satisfying all.
2.At the time of knowledge economy, enterprise’s service of intelligence assets has practically replaced the concrete outward assets, which means to invest personnel resources is to invest future.
(四)Suggestions to further research
1.On the field of research.
2.On the objective of research.
3.On the content of research.
4.On the application of research.
參考書目

壹、中文部分
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