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題名:檢視個人與家庭因素、學校因素對學生學業成就的影響:以SEM與HLM分析我國國中教育階段機會均等及相關問題
作者:林俊瑩 引用關係
作者(外文):Chunn-Ying LIN
校院名稱:國立高雄師範大學
系所名稱:教育學系
指導教授:吳裕益
黃毅志
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2007
主題關鍵詞:個人與家庭因素學校因素學業成就結構方程模式階層線性模式individual-family factorsschool factorsacademic achievementstructural equation modeling(SEM)hierarchical linear modeling(HLM)
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柯曼(J. S. Coleman)等人於1966年所提出的教育機會均等報告書(Equality of Educational Opportunity),認為學校資源對學生學習成效之影響有限,影響較大的是非學校因素;家庭社經地位高的學生,在學業成就表現上還是比較優異,明顯顯示教育機會不均等,後續也有許多研究提出相類似的結論。而自柯曼等人開始進行學校對學生學業成就表現影響之探討後,教育資源投入與教育產出的關聯性研究相當多。不過這些研究受限於調查研究之設計、取樣對象與統計方法之運用問題,因此研究結論引起許多的批評。
本研究在分析方法方面儘可能減少過去相關研究的缺失,並以「台灣教育長期追蹤調查資料庫」(Taiwan Education Panel Survey ,TEPS)的全國大樣本的國中階段資料為分析對象,區分為學生、學校兩個層次,藉以分析個人與家庭因素、學校因素對學生學業成就的相對影響。另外也要建構與檢定影響學生學業成就的徑路模式,以進一步探討教育機會是否均等。統計分析方法包括敘述統計、因素分析、結構方程模式(SEM)和階層線性結構模式(HLM)等方法。
本研究主要的研究發現如下:
1. 學生層次學業成就徑路模式的分析結果發現:家庭社經地位、家庭教育資源、學生學習態度都對學生學業成就有直接正向的影響,負面文化資本則對學生學業成就有直接負向的影響。另外家庭社經地位會正向影響到學生學業成就,這正向關係除了有直接影響外,也會透過家庭教育資源、負面文化資本及學生學習態度等中介變項的間接作用。這結果顯示:家庭社經地位高的學生在教育取得過程中,還是佔有優勢,明顯地反映出教育機會的不均等性。
2. 學校層次學業成就因果模式的分析結果發現:在學校教育資源變項對學生學業成就的影響方面,優良校風會透過學生教育期望、學生學習態度的間接作用,而對學生學業成就有正向的影響,而教師研習次數則有直接的負向影響。不過這些學校教育資源變項對學生學業成就的影響都不大,影響比較大的是學校社經地位、學生教育期望,及學生學習態度,這些變項都對學生學業成就有直接或間接的影響。分析結果還是顯示,高社經地位學校的學生的學業成就還是具有優勢。
3. 在個人與家庭因素、學校因素對學生學業成就影響的HLM分析結果發現:個人與家庭因素對學生學業成就大都有顯著影響,家庭教育資源愈多,負面文化行為愈少,學習態度愈認真,學生學業成就表現愈好。至於學校因素中,學校的社經地位與學生教育期望、學習態度都對學生學業成就有正影響。然而眾多學校教育資源變項中,除了優良校風有正影響,教師研習次數有負影響外,其餘變項的影響都不顯著。
4. 學生層次因素對學生學業成就變異的影響大約佔了八成,學校層次因素的影響則佔了二成左右。不過學校因素的影響力中,又有近八成的變異是被學校的平均社經地位所解釋,因此歸屬於學校教育資源變項的影響變異成份大約只有4﹪左右而已。
本研究結果顯示,台灣地區國中學校的教育資源對學生學業成就的影響很小,影響比較大的還是個人與家庭因素,此項結果大致符合Coleman報告書的結論。
“Equality of Educational Opportunity”, the Coleman Report, directed by James S. Coleman and his associates(1966),suggested that the effects of school resources on student achievement were weaker than non-school factors. The study also suggested that the advantaged students would show higher levels of academic achievement than the disadvantaged students. To sum up, the Coleman report showed the inequality of educational opportunity. This similar conclusion is drawn by many other researches after this report. Since Coleman and his associates began to explore school effects on students’ academic achievement in the United States, researches on the relationship between educational resources and educational outcomes have taken large part of educational researches. However, these studies were confined in term of research design, sampling and statistical techniques, so the results of these studies have been strongly criticized.
This study thus tries to amend the previous researches as completely as possible. Taking the national samples of middle schools involved in the Taiwan Education Panel Survey (TEPS), this study divides the data into student and school level in order to analyze the influences of the individual-family and school factors on students’ academic achievement. Furthermore, this study also tries to construct and test the causal model on student achievement and investigate the equality of educational opportunity in Taiwan. The statistical methods, descriptive statistics, factor analysis , hierarchical linear modeling(HLM) and structural equation modeling(SEM)are adopted to analyze the research data.
The major findings concluded from this research are as following:
1.At the student level, the results from SEM has confirmed that socioeconomic status(SES),educational resources and students’ learning attitudes have direct and positive effects on student achievement, but negative cultural capital has direct and negative effects. In addition to the direct effects on students’ academic achievement by SES, the intervening variables such as family education resources , negative cultural capital and students’ learning attitudes have indirect effects on students’ academic performance. This finding reveals that the students who have high family SES will reach higher levels of academic achievement than those who have low family SES, so it also shows the inequality of educational opportunity obviously.
2. At the school level, the results of students’ academic achievement causal model by SEM shows that the excellent school academicism has a positive influence on students’ academic achievement through the indirect effects of students’ educational expectations and learning attitudes ,but the times of teachers’ in-service training programs has a negative and direct effects. However, the variables associated with school educational resources are not the major factors to influence students’ academic achievement. But school mean SES, students’ educational expectations and learning attitudes could have direct or indirect effects on students’ academic achievement significantly. Moreover , the results reveals that students from the schools with higher mean SES are in the ascendant in academic performance, so it shows the inequality of educational opportunities among schools.
3. As for the individual-family and school factors affecting students academic achievement, the analysis of HLM shows the students’ academic achievement is influenced significantly by the individual-family factors . It makes students’ academic achievement is much better by getting more educational resources from families, better attitudes toward learning, and performing less negative culture behaviors.
At the school level, school mean SES, student educational expectations and learning attitudes have positive and significant effects on students’ academic achievement . However, among the variables are associated with school educational resources , excellent school academicism has a positive effect and the times of teachers’ in-service training programs has a negative effect on students’ academic achievement, other variables are not highly related to academic achievement.
4. The research model accounts for 80% of the student level variation and 20% of the school level variation in academic achievement. However, nearly 80% of the school level variation was explained by school mean SES, so the unique contribution of variables associated with school educational resources to students’ academic achievement was found to be quite low(4% or thereabouts).
The result reflects the effects of school resources input to students’ academic achievement are weak, but the effects of individual-family factors are stronger . The result of this study and the proposition of Coleman Report are in agreement on junior high schooling in Taiwan mostly.
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